Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Nervous system & nervous tissue (ch11) > Flashcards

Nervous system & nervous tissue (ch11) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the foundation of the nervous system?

A

Our conscious experience, personality, and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the nervous system?

A

uses electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the basic pathway of the nervous system?

A

1) Sensory receptor detects a stimulus
2) Sensory (afferent) neuron
3) Integrating center (CNS)
4) Motor (efferent) neuron
5) Effector responds (muscle or gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is The central nervous system (CNS) made of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The peripheral nervous system is composed of what? (2 things)

A

nerves & ganglia
-consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the ganglion?

A

A knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

A

the somatic & the autonomic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define the Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)?

A

Sensory : to the CNS
Motor : away from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system of the PNS ?

A
  • voluntary movements
  • nerves that carry the sensory signals from body to CNS
  • carry motor signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false: the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are a part of the motor (efferent) PNS

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the autonomic nervous system of the PNS

A
  • involuntary control -
  • regulates the internal environment of the body
  • carries signals from the internal organ body to the CNS, and from the CNS to internal organs. ex: digestion, and heartbeat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

-responding to dangerous or stressful situations by increasing heart rate or blood flow.
- “Fight or flight” responses.
- increases energry (excitement,emergency,exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Tends to have calming effect.(descreases energy)
  • “Resting and digesting” responses; SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe neurons and neuroglia

A

neurons: Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals; functional units of the nervous system
neuroglia: supports cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the 4 plexuses and where they’re located

A

1) Cervical: C1-5 (head&neck)
2) Brachial: C5-T1(upper limb)
3) Lumbar: L1-4 (abdomin & lower limb)
4) Sacral: L4-S4 (pelvis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and integrating information.

Cue: CNS is like the command center, where decisions are made (brain) and messages are passed (spinal cord).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves outside the CNS that connect it to the rest of the body.

Cue: PNS is like the network cables spreading from the command center (CNS) to other devices (body parts).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted.

Cue: Picture the synapse as a meeting point where one neuron hands off information to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Definition:
Chemicals released by neurons to transmit signals to the next neuron.

Cue: Imagine neurotransmitters as the language of neurons, enabling them to communicate with each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Definition:
A fatty covering around some nerve cells, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.

Cue: Myelin is like the express lane for nerve signals, making them faster and more efficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Action Potential

A

Definition:
The electric signal that travels along the membrane of a neuron.

Cue: Action potential is like a wave of electricity, propelling the message along the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A bundle of nerves that runs down the center of the spine, transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Cue: Think of the spinal cord as the information highway connecting the brain to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of the Nervous System

A

The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. It uses electrical and chemical signals for rapid and specific communication, usually causing immediate responses.

Cue: The nervous system is like the CEO of the body, swiftly making decisions and giving commands through electrical and chemical signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sensory Input

A

The nervous system monitors changes inside and outside the body using millions of sensory receptors.

Cue: Sensory input is like the surveillance system, constantly watching for any changes in and around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Integration

A

The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input, deciding what actions should be taken.

Cue: Integration is the brain’s decision-making process, like a control center analyzing information and making choices.

26
Q

Motor Output

A

The nervous system activates effector organs (muscles, tissues, and glands) to cause a response.

Cue: Motor output is the nervous system’s way of executing commands, making muscles move and glands produce substances.

27
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Division

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that includes somatic sensory fibers conveying impulses from skin, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system (CNS).

Cue: Sensory division is like the information highway bringing signals from the body to the brain.

28
Q

Motor (Efferent) Division

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS back to effector organs, including muscles, tissues, and glands.

Cue: Motor division is the command pathway, sending signals from the brain to make things happen in the body.

29
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

A subdivision of the motor division responsible for conscious control of skeletal muscles.

Cue: Somatic system is like the voluntary control panel, allowing conscious decisions to move skeletal muscles.

30
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, and is involuntary. It further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions.

Cue: Autonomic system is the automatic pilot, controlling things like heartbeat and digestion without conscious effort.

31
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Accelerates heart rate, widens bronchial passages, and prepares the body for “Fight or Flight” responses.

Cue: Sympathetic is the system that gears up the body for action, like preparing for a fight or escaping

32
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Acts on various organs to promote “Rest and Digest” responses, including slowing the heart rate and stimulating digestion.

Cue: Parasympathetic is the system that calms the body down, allowing it to rest and digest.

33
Q

Nerve Tissue Overview

A

Nerve tissue comprises neuroglia (glial cells) and neurons. Glial cells support and surround neurons, while neurons are excitable cells transmitting electrical signals.

Cue: Neuroglia act like the support crew, while neurons are the messengers transmitting signals.

34
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS - Types

A

Four main types of neuroglia support CNS neurons: Astrocytes, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells, and Oligodendrocytes.
Cue: Remember AMEO - Astrocytes, Microglial, Ependymal, Oligodendrocytes - the support team for CNS neurons.

35
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant and versatile glial cells that support and brace neurons, clinging to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries.

Cue: Astrocytes are like the versatile multitaskers, supporting and clinging to different parts of neurons.

36
Q

Microglial Cells

A

Small cells with thorny processes that monitor neurons, migrate toward injured neurons, and can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris.
Phagocytosis - Greek ‘to eat’, and ‘cell’
Cue: Microglial cells are the clean-up crew, monitoring and clearing away debris from injured neurons.

37
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Range in shape from squamous to columnar, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and may be ciliated.
Cilia – (Latin) fine hairlike
projections from cells.
Cue: Ependymal cells are the fluid managers, secreting and circulating CSF in the CNS.

38
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Branched cells that wrap around CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers.

Cue: Oligodendrocytes are the insulation experts, wrapping nerve fibers in the CNS.

39
Q

Neuroglia of the PNS

A

Two major neuroglia in the PNS: Satellite cells (similar to CNS astrocytes) and Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) that* form myelin sheaths and aid in nerve fiber* regeneration.

Cue: Satellite cells and Schwann cells are like the PNS support team, aiding neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

40
Q

Neurons - Overview

A

Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system, conducting impulses. They are highly specialized cells with characteristics like longevity, amitotic nature, and high metabolic rate.

Cue: Neurons are like the VIPs, highly specialized and irreplaceable.

41
Q

Neuron Processes - Dendrites and Axons

A

Neurons have processes: dendrites (receptive) and axons (transmitting). In the CNS, bundles of processes are called tracts, and in the PNS, they are called nerves.

Cue: Dendrites are like antennas, receiving signals, and axons are like messengers, transmitting signals.

42
Q
  1. cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS are called —
  2. cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS are called —
A
  1. Nuclei
  2. ganglia
43
Q

Neuron Classification

A

*Bipolar: Two processes (one axon, one dendrite) - rare, found in special senses like the retina and olfactory mucosa.
*Unipolar (pseudo-unipolar): One T-like process with two axons.
* Multipolar: Three or more processes (1 axon, others dendrites) - the most common type in the CNS.
* Cue: Neurons come in different shapes - bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar, each with unique structures and functions

44
Q

Communication in the Nervous System

A

Neurons, highly excitable, use electrical and chemical signals. Ion channels are crucial, helping prepare neurons for signals during the “resting” state. Rapid opening and closing of ion channels transmit information along the axon in a continuous cycle.

45
Q

Ion Channels Overview

A

Ions (sodium, potassium, calcium) move via diffusion. Ion channels allow ion passage into/out of cells. Two types: gated and non-gated. Non-gated “leak” channels are always open, enabling a constant ion exchange.

46
Q

Non-Gated Ion Channels

A

At rest, cells resemble leaky boats with K+ and Na+ leakage channels. The membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+. The Na+/K+ pump maintains ion balance by pumping 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.
Cue: Non-gated ion channels are like leaks in a boat, and the Na+/K+ pump is the bailing pump maintaining ion balance.

47
Q

Gated Ion Channels

A

-Gated ion channels have a built-in mechanism (the gate) permitting ion passage.
-Chemically gated ion channels open in the presence of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft.
-Cue: Gated ion channels are like gates with built-in mechanisms, allowing controlled ion flow, especially in response to neurotransmitters.

48
Q

Hyperpolarization occurs when?

A

when the Inside of membrane becomes more negative than resting membrane potential (~-90mV)

49
Q

Damaged Myelin Sheaths - Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Definition: Autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system.
  • Pathology: Immune system attacks and damages myelin sheaths in the central nervous system.
  • Consequence: Myelin turns into hardened lesions (scleroses), impeding nerve impulse conduction.
  • Symptoms: Visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, speech issues, incontinence.
  • Preventive Measure: Maintaining high blood levels of vitamin D may reduce the risk of development.
    Note: MS primarily affects young adults and results in the slowing or cessation of nerve impulse conduction due to damaged myelin.
50
Q

What is Synapse? and 2 stage of it?

A
  • Neurons communicate through synapses.
  • Presynaptic neuron sends impulses, and the postsynaptic neuron receives.
  • Axon terminal of presynaptic cell contains neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles.

*Cue: Synapses are functional connections between neurons, where neurotransmitters play a key role.

51
Q

Postsynaptic Potentials and Types of Neurotransmitters

A

*Postsynaptic potentials include EPSP (excitatory) and IPSP (inhibitory).
*EPSPs trigger action potentials, while IPSPs inhibit action potential generation.

52
Q

Glutamate - Amino Acid

A

*Excitatory, aids learning.
*Imbalance linked to neurodegenerative disorders.
Cue: Glutamate enhances learning but imbalance may lead to disorders.

53
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Muscle function and memory.
  • Imbalance affects muscles or learning.
  • Excitatory and inhibitor
    Cue: Acetylcholine is vital for muscles and memory; imbalances have varied effects.
54
Q

Nitric Oxide - Gasotransmitter

A

-Relaxing smooth muscles, increasing blood flow.
-Also modulates inflammatory response.
Cue: Nitric oxide relaxes muscles and regulates inflammation.

55
Q

Endorphins - Peptide

A
  • Inhibits pain signals, promotes euphoria.
    Cue: Endorphins act as natural pain relievers, inducing euphoria.
  • A lack of endorphins could result in feelings of
    depression, anxiety and mood swings
56
Q

Oxytocin - Peptide

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory
-Social recognition, bonding, attachment.
-Stimulates lactation, increases during hugging.
Cue: Oxytocin fosters social bonds and increases during hugging.

57
Q

Epinephrine - Monoamine

A

-Prepares for fight-or-flight.
-Imbalances linked to stress-related issues.
Cue: Epinephrine readies the body for action, but excess causes stress-related problems.

58
Q

Dopamine - Monoamine

A
  • E+I
  • Involved in reward, motivation.
    Deficiency linked to depression, seen in Parkinson’s.
    Cue: Dopamine motivates and pleases; shortage relates to depression.
59
Q

Serotonin - Monoamine

A

-Regulates mood, sleep, anxiety.
-Deficiency linked to mood disorders.
Cue: Serotonin controls mood; imbalance affects mental well-being.

60
Q

Norepinephrine - Monoamine

A

-Prepares for stress response.
-Imbalances linked to various issues.
Cue: Norepinephrine readies the body for stress; imbalances cause problems.

61
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - Amino Acid

A

-Inhibitory neurotransmitter.
- Calms the nervous system, reduces anxiety.
Cue: GABA is calming; it reduces anxiety and promotes relaxation.

62
Q

Histamine - Monoamine

A

Excitatory; involved in allergic reactions.
Produced as part of the immune response.
Cue: Histamine causes allergies and supports the immune system’s response.

A&P (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions