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A&P > CNS: central nervous system. (Ch12) > Flashcards

CNS: central nervous system. (Ch12) Flashcards

1
Q

intro of CNS

A

*That’s where we make sense of signals coming outside environment, and send it to the brain, muscles etc
* Site of information integration

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2
Q

What is CNS consists of?

A

CNS consists of brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is CNS?

A

-Command center for processing information, coordinating responses, and controlling higher functions like thinking and emotion.
- Role: Integrates signals from the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and facilitates reflex actions.

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4
Q

what is Cephalization?

A

Cephalization is the evolutionary trend in which nervous tissue, sensory organs, and control structures become concentrated at the anterior (head) end of an organism. EX: development of the brain in the head region.
dif def: is the evolutionary process where nervous control becomes concentrated in the head region, enhancing sensory and motor functions.

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5
Q

Brain Development

A

Embryonic Origin: Neural tube gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
3 Vesicle Formation:
- Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
- Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
- Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
Spinal Cord: Develops from the posterior end of the neural tube.
Significance: Establishes the foundation for distinct brain regions, crucial for advanced functions in higher organisms.

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6
Q

Explain what is Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)?

A

*Definition: Birth abnormalities affecting the brain or spinal cord, occurring in the first month of pregnancy.

*Causes: Linked to folate (folic acid) deficiency before and during pregnancy.

*Developmental Process: The neural tube, forming early in pregnancy, normally closes to create the brain and spinal cord. NTDs result from incomplete closure along the length of the neural tube.

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7
Q

NTD- Anencephaly

A

is a neural tube defect characterized by **incomplete development of the brain, **which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull.

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8
Q

NTD- Spina Bifida.

A

is a neural tube defect resulting from incomplete closure of anywhere along the spinal cord.

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9
Q

Folic acid

A
  • help with closure of tube, its vitamin B
  • Helps body make new cells in our bodies.
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10
Q

Encephalon & Encephalitis

A
  • Encephalon: refers to the entire brain
  • Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain
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11
Q

Primary Vesicles to Secondary Brain Vesicles

A

Primary Vesicles: Form during neural tube development.
* Three Primary Vesicles:
1)Prosencephalon (Forebrain): Anterior vesicle.
2)Mesencephalon (Midbrain): Middle vesicle.
3)Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain): Posterior vesicle.
* Secondary Vesicles:
1) Prosencephalon Divides into:
>Telencephalon: Forms cerebral hemispheres.
>Diencephalon: the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina.
3) Rhombencephalon Divides into:
>Metencephalon: Gives rise to pons and cerebellum.
>Myelencephalon: Becomes the medulla oblongata.
2) Mesencephalon Remains Undivided: Stays as the midbrain.

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12
Q

What is cerebrum, Diencephalon, cerebellum and brainstem do.

A

*Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain, responsible for conscious thoughts, emotions, and complex movements.
* Diencephalon: Regulates sensory and motor pathways, includes thalamus (sensory relay) and hypothalamus (homeostasis control).
* cerebellum: monitors and coordinates movements.
*Brainstem: Controls basic life functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion; includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

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13
Q

What are the two hemispheres in your brain are connected by?

A

by the corpus callosum what it does is ensures that both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other

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14
Q

The surface marking of brain

A

-Gyri: ridges (gyrus)
-Sulci: shallow grooves (sulcus)
-Fissures: deep grooves
-Longitudinal fissure:Separates two hemispheres
-Transverse cerebral: fissure Separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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15
Q

Location of the insula (or insular lobe)

A

is located deep within the lateral sulcus (also known as the lateral fissure) of the brain. It is situated between the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes. The insula is not visible from the surface of the brain as it is hidden within the folds of the lateral sulcus.

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16
Q

The lobes and their functions?

A

-Frontal - Planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality.
-Parietal - Processing and integrating sensory information and function in attention.
-Temporal - Hearing, language, memory, and emotions. (All around ear)
-Occipital - All information related to vision.
-Insulas - controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It has a role in regulating the immune system.

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17
Q

Explain the white and grey matter?

A

-white matter: to send signals between different parts of the body.
- gray matter processes information found in CNS.

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18
Q

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) and cerebellum contain an outer layer of gray matter called the ______.

A

Cortex
L: bark

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19
Q

what does the cortex control?

A

Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding.

20
Q

Gray and White Matter in Cortex?

A

-Gray Matter: Short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies.
-White Matter: Myelinated axons.
-Brainstem has additional gray matter nuclei scattered within white matter.

21
Q

Each hemisphere is concerned with ________side of body

A

contralateral (opposite)

22
Q

Ventricles Overview

A
  • Definition: Fluid-filled chambers in the brain.
  • Contents: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Lining: Ependymal cells.
  • Location: Paired lateral ventricles, third ventricle in diencephalon, fourth ventricle in hindbrain.
  • Connections: Lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via interventricular foramen. The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct.
23
Q

CSF Circulation

A
  • CSF Flow: Lateral ventricles → Third ventricle → Fourth ventricle.
  • Connections: Interventricular foramen and cerebral aqueduct.
  • Subarachnoid Space: Fourth ventricle connects to the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain.
  • Central Canal: Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
  • Ependymal Cells: Line the ventricles.
24
Q

Limbic System

A
  • include memory, learning, emotions, and behavoiurs
  • Components:
    1) Amygdala: (anterior to hippocampus) Emotion processing, especially fear.
    2) Hippocampus: (Located in temporal lobe). Memory formation and retrieval.
    3) Thalamus: Sensory relay station.
    4) Hypothalamus: (below thalamus ) Regulates basic biological needs (hunger, thirst, temperature).
25
Q

Amnesia

A
  • slight memory loss
  • can’t make new memory and holds on the old memory.
26
Q

What is Pituitary Gland

A
  • Function: Controls most other endocrine glands. Often called the “master gland.”
27
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • AKA: Third eye
  • Position: Tiny gland in the middle of the brain.
  • Function: Regulates the body’s circadian rhythm.
  • Melatonin Production:
    Day-Night Cycle: Produces melatonin in response to the daily light-dark cycle.
    Levels: Elevated at night, low during the day.
28
Q

what is Cerebellum? and what does it do?

A

AKA: little brain.
- Controlling & coordinating skeletal muscle movement
Maintaining posture and balance

29
Q

Arbor vitae

A

Latin: “tree of life.”
- its a Tree-like white matter pattern within cerebellum.
Function: Coordinates motor activities.

30
Q

Brainstem

A
  • connects higher parts of CNS w/ spinal cord.
  • Consists of three regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
  • contains nuclei embedded in white matter.
31
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Mesencephalon
  • Control of unvoluntary muscle actions.
  • Transmits information for vision, hearing, and reflexes.
32
Q

Pons (Bridge)

A
  • Controls and regulates breathing.
  • Influences the sleep/wake cycle.
33
Q

Medulla Oblongata: middle

A
  • Regulates autonomic functions, especially blood pressure.
  • Centers: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Vasomotor (adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation).
34
Q

Protection and Membranes?

A

Cranial Bones (skull), Meninges: Layers of membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater), Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), and Blood-Brain Barrier.

35
Q

Explain what is the Meninges

A

-Cover and safeguard the CNS, including the spinal cord.
- Shield blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses.
- Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for cushioning.
- Form partitions in the skull.
- Three Layers: Composed of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

36
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • the outer, thick, strong membrane layer located directly under your skull and vertebral column. In Latin, dura mater means “hard mother.” It consists of two layers of connective tissue.
  • One side of your dura attaches to your skull (Meningeal layer) and the other adheres to your middle membrane layer (arachnoid mater)called Periosteal layer
37
Q

Arachnoid Mater:

A

Position: Middle layer.
* named for its spiderweb-like appearance, is a thin, transparent membrane surrounding the spinal cord like a loosely fitting sac.
* the subdurachnoid space (space b/t dura mater and arachnoid mater) Houses blood vessels and CSF.

38
Q

Pia Mater

A

Pia Mater – hugs the brain
- Means “soft mother.” It is composed of delicate connective tissue and has many tiny blood vessels.
- hugs the surface (like shrink wrap) of the brain and spinal cord and follows all of its convolutions (folds).

39
Q

The significance of Meningitis

A
  • Definition: Inflammation of meninges.
    -Causes: Bacterial or viral infection.
    -Symptoms: Headache, neck stiffness, fever.
40
Q

The significance of Epidural Hematoma

A
  • Blood accumulation.
  • Location: Between skull and dura mater.
  • Cause: Trauma, often skull fracture.
  • Symptoms: Initial unconsciousness, then lucid period, followed by deterioration.
41
Q

The significance of Subdural Hematoma?

A

-Blood accumulationin subdural space
-Location: Between dura mater and arachnoid mater.
-Cause: Head injury, often in the elderly.
-Symptoms: Headache, confusion, neurological deficits.

42
Q

Lateralization VS Contralateral

A

Lateralization
- Left brain - Controls language, math, and logic
- Right Brain –Visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills
Contralateral
- Hemispheres communicate almost instantaneously via fiber tracts - Commissural fibres – Corpus Callosum

43
Q

Normal adult CSF ?

A

Normal adult CSF volume of ~150 ml - is replaced every 8 hours

44
Q

what are the cerebral cortex areas and their functions?

A
  • Premotor Cortex: Coordinates planned movements.
  • Broca’s Area: Manages speech production.
    - Present in one hemisphere (usually the left)
  • Frontal Eye Field: Controls eye movement.
    *Somatosensory Association Cortex: Integrates sensory information.
  • Auditory Areas: Process auditory information.
    - Wernicke’s area - Involved in understanding written and spoken language (left side)
  • Visual Areas: Interpret visual stimuli.
45
Q

What is located in postcentral gyri of parietal lobe?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex.
- Capable of spatial discrimination
- Receives general sensory information from skin and skeletal muscles.

46
Q

Cauda Equina of the spinal cord?

A
  • Latin: Horse’s Tail.
  • It is a bundle of spinal nerves and nerve roots that extend below the spinal cord’s end.
  • The cauda equina transmits nerve signals to and from the lower limbs and pelvic organs. (Gray matter is located in core, white matter outside).

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