special sense part 2

Question 1

what ceptors are use to know if the food is savoured or avoided

Answer 1

Chemoreceptors (smell and taste)

Question 2

Olfactory Epithelium?

Answer 2

Contains olfactory sensory neurons, which are bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia.
located in Roof of nasal cavity, covering superior nasal conchae.
- Stem Cells: Olfactory stem (basal) cells are located at the base of the epithelium.

Question 3

Physiology of Smell

Answer 3

• Detection & Receptors: Olfactory sensory neurons with cilia detect odor molecules, binding to specific receptors.
• Impulses & Processing: Stimulated neurons generate impulses, travel via olfactory nerve to the bulb, and undergo brain processing.
• Identification: Brain interprets signals, enabling us to perceive and remember smells. Cue: Detect, Transmit, Identify.

Question 4

Glomerulus: location and function

Answer 4

Location: Part of the olfactory bulb.
Function: Receives signals from olfactory sensory neurons, initiating the processing of smell information in the brain.
Cue: Gateway for smell signals

Question 5

pathway of taste?

Answer 5

Chemical Interaction: Chemicals dissolve in saliva, diffuse into taste pores, and contact gustatory hairs.
Receptor Activation: Taste receptors respond to specific chemicals, leading to gustatory cell depolarization.
Neurotransmitter Release: Activation triggers neurotransmitter release, initiating sensory neuron action potentials.
Pathway to Brain: Impulses travel through cranial nerves (Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus) to convey taste information.
Brain Processing: The brain interprets signals from different regions of the tongue and throat.
Distinct Qualities: Salty and sour tastes involve direct ion effects, while sweet, bitter, and umami activate G protein gustducin.
Perception & Recognition: Brain processing allows us to perceive, recognize, and remember distinct tastes. Cue: Detect, Transmit, Recognize.

Question 6

cells of taste in our tongue?

Answer 6

1. Gustatory epithelial cells: taste receptor cells have microvilli called gustatory hairs that project into taste pores, bathed in saliva
2. Basal epithelial cells ( when we burn our tongue)

Question 7

ear pathway

Answer 7

Sound Detection: The external ear collects sound waves, directing them to the auditory canal. The waves reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum) causing it to vibrate.

Amplification: The vibration is transmitted to the three small ear bones (ossicles) in the middle ear – the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). This amplifies the sound.

Cochlear Transduction: Vibrations are then transmitted to the fluid-filled cochlea in the inner ear. The movement of fluid stimulates hair cells in the cochlea.

Neural Signals: Hair cells convert mechanical vibrations into neural signals. These signals are transmitted through the auditory nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) to the brain.

Auditory Cortex: The auditory nerve carries signals to the auditory cortex in the brain, where they are interpreted, allowing us to perceive and recognize sounds.
is located in the temporal area (2) within the lateral sulcus (1).

Cue: Detect, Amplify, Transduce, Transmit, Interpret.