Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

the patient > the respiratory system > Flashcards

the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is internal/cell respiration?

A

the metabolic processes at which cells breakdown carbohydrates, amino acids and fats to produce energy or ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the products formed by oxidative phosphorylation?

A

CO2 and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation require to run?

A

an energy source and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 2O2&raquo_space;» 6H20 + 6CO2 +energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is external respiration?

A

the exchange of gases between body and environments - inhalation and exhalation cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does external respiration do?

A

it provides oxygen (inhalation), this is the input for energy production and metabolism.
it eliminates CO2 (exhalation) which is a waste product of metabolism. the blood transports C02 and O2 between lungs and tissues by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A

lungs - in pleural sac in rib cage

Diaphragm - muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are the lungs contained?

A

the pleural sac in rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens at inhalation?

A

the diaphragm muscle contracts
intrapeleural space expands
increase in negative pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens at exhalation?

A

diaphragm muscle relaxes
intrapleural space volume decreases
positive pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the functions of conducting airways?

A
  • they allow air to enter / exit
    -filter, warm and humidify inhaled air.
    the epithelium is composed of several cell tpes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

cartilage rings on the outside for protection and to keep it open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the bronchi branch into?

A

bronchioles, they have no cartilage rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the branchi do?

A

produces mucus to trap dirt particles and microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are goblet cells?

A

The main role of goblet cells is to secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens to the mucus produced by the bronchi?

A

it is continuously cleared by cilia to the pharynx and then swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the pharynx

A

part of the throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the respiratory conducting zone?

A

The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the respiratory zone?

A

The respiratory zone is found deep inside the lungs and is made up of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why does mucus not escape efficiently in smokers?

A

cillia are non functional in smokers, it would be flattened, so mucus cant escape effeciently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is involved in the pulmonary circulation?

A

pulmonary artery and vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many alveoli are there in a lung?
what is their surface area
What is their radius and wall thickness?

A

about 500 million alveoli present
720m2 surface area
radiu = 0.1mm
wall thickness = 0.2 micrometers

24
Q

what shape do alveoli take in alevolar sacs?

A

grape like clusters

25
Q

what is the function of alveoli?

A

Alveoli is the primary site of gaseous exchange and passive diffusion.

26
Q

how is effecient gas exchange guaranteed near between alveoli and bloo?

A

the alveolar wall is a single layer of epithelium cells.

the capillary wall is a single layer of endothelial cells

27
Q

what do transport mechanisms do?

A

they allow O2 to enter the blood in the lungs and leave the blood in the tissues

28
Q

what do erythrocytes contain?

A

they are red blood cells containing haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase

29
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

an iron containing protein which transports oxygen

30
Q

what does each subunit consist of in haemoglobin?

A

each subunit is a globular protein with an embedded haem group

31
Q

colour of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

oxyhaemoglobin - bright red

deoxyhaemoglobin - bluish

32
Q

what are carbonic anhydrases?

A

they are the fastest enzyme known, they dissolve CO2 in the plasma

33
Q

how is CO2 transported?

A

dissolved in the plasma as BICARBONATE

34
Q

Steps of gas exchange:

A
  1. inhalation - air move in from environment into alveoli
  2. O2 diffuses from alveoli to lung capillary
  3. 02 diffusess to red blood cells and binds to haemoglobin
  4. O2 disassociates from haemglobin and diffuses into tissue.
  5. Co2 diffuses from tissues to capillaries and is converted to HCO3- by red blood cells (erythrocyte)
  6. HCO3- travels in the plasma to the lung where it is converted back to CO2.
  7. diffusion of CO2 across lung capillary wall into alveoli
  8. exhalation - air moves into the environment.
35
Q

what are alveolar macrophages (AMs)?

A

they are part of the immune system, they destroy pathogens

36
Q

what do Alveolar Macrophages do?

A

they secrete cytokines to communicate with the rest of the immune system

37
Q

what are cytokines?

A

any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

38
Q

what is the pH in the cytosol of the AM?

A

basic, pH 7 - 7.4

39
Q

what is the pH of the lysosome in the AM?

A

acidic, pH 4.5

40
Q

how do lysosomes trap drugs in AMs?

A

if a basic drug is taken up through the cytosol and passes into the lysosome, it could get protonated due to acidic pH, preventing it from exiting the macrophage or the lysosme, so drug accumulates in the lysosome. destruction of macrophages could cause toxicity

41
Q

what is asthma?

A

chronic inflammation of airways causing contraction of smooth muscles and narrowing of airways. mucus may also form in the airways

42
Q

what are the causes of asthma?

A

family history, eczema and allergy, broncholitis, born prematurely, secondhand smoking, exposure to substances, hormones

43
Q

types of asthma treatments:

A

long term control medications, quick relief medication, allergy medications

44
Q

what disease does chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases include? what causes them?

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, mainly caused by smoking

45
Q

what is caused by COPD?

A

inflamed airways, damaged airsacs, narrowing of airways, difficulty breathing

46
Q

treatment for COPD?

A

stop smoking, eat well to prevent weight loss and infection, excercise, oxygen therapy, surgery, breathing machine

47
Q

how do you guarantee rapid access to systemic circulation?

A

large surface area of lungs for instaneous absorption

48
Q

does pulmounary absorption go through first pass metabolism?

A

no, local application at the desired site of action

49
Q

what is a disadvantage of pulmonary absorption drug delivery?

A

only 2-10% aerosol deposited in lungs, 90% of dose is swalloed

50
Q

name 2 delivery systems for pulmonary drug adminstration

A

nebuliser and metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler

51
Q

how does a nebuliser work?

A

atomisation of liquid formulation into a mist of droplets for inhalation

52
Q

when are nebulisers used?

A

used to give high doses of reliever medicine in severe asthma attacks in primary care

53
Q

how does a metered dose inhaler work?

A

it releases aerosol of drug, designed to deliver a specific dose of medicine.

54
Q

when is a metered dose inhaler used?

A

common for self adminstration of asthma and COPD

55
Q

how does a dry powder inhaler work?

A

it is designed to deliver drug to lungs in dry powder particles, they rely on inhalation airflow to deliver drug (passive device)

the patient (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions