the respiratory system

Question 1

what is internal/cell respiration?

Answer 1

the metabolic processes at which cells breakdown carbohydrates, amino acids and fats to produce energy or ATP

Question 2

What are the products formed by oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 2

CO2 and water

Question 3

what does oxidative phosphorylation require to run?

Answer 3

an energy source and oxygen

Question 4

what is the equation for respiration?

Answer 4

C6H12O6 + 2O2&raquo_space;» 6H20 + 6CO2 +energy

Question 5

What is external respiration?

Answer 5

the exchange of gases between body and environments - inhalation and exhalation cycle.

Question 6

what does external respiration do?

Answer 6

it provides oxygen (inhalation), this is the input for energy production and metabolism.
it eliminates CO2 (exhalation) which is a waste product of metabolism. the blood transports C02 and O2 between lungs and tissues by diffusion

Question 7

What does the respiratory system consist of?

Answer 7

lungs - in pleural sac in rib cage

Diaphragm - muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation

Question 8

where are the lungs contained?

Answer 8

the pleural sac in rib cage

Question 9

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 9

a muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation

Question 10

what happens at inhalation?

Answer 10

the diaphragm muscle contracts
intrapeleural space expands
increase in negative pressure

Question 11

what happens at exhalation?

Answer 11

diaphragm muscle relaxes
intrapleural space volume decreases
positive pressure

Question 12

what are the functions of conducting airways?

Answer 12

• they allow air to enter / exit
  -filter, warm and humidify inhaled air.
  the epithelium is composed of several cell tpes

Question 13

What is the function of the trachea?

Answer 13

cartilage rings on the outside for protection and to keep it open

Question 14

what does the bronchi branch into?

Answer 14

bronchioles, they have no cartilage rings

Question 15

what does the branchi do?

Answer 15

produces mucus to trap dirt particles and microorganisms

Question 16

what are goblet cells?

Answer 16

The main role of goblet cells is to secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found

Question 17

what happens to the mucus produced by the bronchi?

Answer 17

it is continuously cleared by cilia to the pharynx and then swallowed

Question 18

what is the pharynx

Answer 18

part of the throat

Question 19

what is the respiratory conducting zone?

Answer 19

The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

Question 20

what is the respiratory zone?

Answer 20

The respiratory zone is found deep inside the lungs and is made up of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Question 21

why does mucus not escape efficiently in smokers?

Answer 21

cillia are non functional in smokers, it would be flattened, so mucus cant escape effeciently

Question 22

what is involved in the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 22

pulmonary artery and vein

Question 23

how many alveoli are there in a lung?
what is their surface area
What is their radius and wall thickness?

Answer 23

about 500 million alveoli present
720m2 surface area
radiu = 0.1mm
wall thickness = 0.2 micrometers

Question 24

what shape do alveoli take in alevolar sacs?

Answer 24

grape like clusters

Question 25

what is the function of alveoli?

Answer 25

Alveoli is the primary site of gaseous exchange and passive diffusion.

Question 26

how is effecient gas exchange guaranteed near between alveoli and bloo?

Answer 26

the alveolar wall is a single layer of epithelium cells. | the capillary wall is a single layer of endothelial cells

Question 27

what do transport mechanisms do?

Answer 27

they allow O2 to enter the blood in the lungs and leave the blood in the tissues

Question 28

what do erythrocytes contain?

Answer 28

they are red blood cells containing haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase

Question 29

what is haemoglobin?

Answer 29

an iron containing protein which transports oxygen

Question 30

what does each subunit consist of in haemoglobin?

Answer 30

each subunit is a globular protein with an embedded haem group

Question 31

colour of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 31

oxyhaemoglobin - bright red | deoxyhaemoglobin - bluish

Question 32

what are carbonic anhydrases?

Answer 32

they are the fastest enzyme known, they dissolve CO2 in the plasma

Question 33

how is CO2 transported?

Answer 33

dissolved in the plasma as BICARBONATE

Question 34

Steps of gas exchange:

Answer 34

1. inhalation - air move in from environment into alveoli 2. O2 diffuses from alveoli to lung capillary 3. 02 diffusess to red blood cells and binds to haemoglobin 4. O2 disassociates from haemglobin and diffuses into tissue. 5. Co2 diffuses from tissues to capillaries and is converted to HCO3- by red blood cells (erythrocyte) 6. HCO3- travels in the plasma to the lung where it is converted back to CO2. 7. diffusion of CO2 across lung capillary wall into alveoli 8. exhalation - air moves into the environment.

Question 35

what are alveolar macrophages (AMs)?

Answer 35

they are part of the immune system, they destroy pathogens

Question 36

what do Alveolar Macrophages do?

Answer 36

they secrete cytokines to communicate with the rest of the immune system

Question 37

what are cytokines?

Answer 37

any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

Question 38

what is the pH in the cytosol of the AM?

Answer 38

basic, pH 7 - 7.4

Question 39

what is the pH of the lysosome in the AM?

Answer 39

acidic, pH 4.5

Question 40

how do lysosomes trap drugs in AMs?

Answer 40

if a basic drug is taken up through the cytosol and passes into the lysosome, it could get protonated due to acidic pH, preventing it from exiting the macrophage or the lysosme, so drug accumulates in the lysosome. destruction of macrophages could cause toxicity

Question 41

what is asthma?

Answer 41

chronic inflammation of airways causing contraction of smooth muscles and narrowing of airways. mucus may also form in the airways

Question 42

what are the causes of asthma?

Answer 42

family history, eczema and allergy, broncholitis, born prematurely, secondhand smoking, exposure to substances, hormones

Question 43

types of asthma treatments:

Answer 43

long term control medications, quick relief medication, allergy medications

Question 44

what disease does chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases include? what causes them?

Answer 44

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, mainly caused by smoking

Question 45

what is caused by COPD?

Answer 45

inflamed airways, damaged airsacs, narrowing of airways, difficulty breathing

Question 46

treatment for COPD?

Answer 46

stop smoking, eat well to prevent weight loss and infection, excercise, oxygen therapy, surgery, breathing machine

Question 47

how do you guarantee rapid access to systemic circulation?

Answer 47

large surface area of lungs for instaneous absorption

Question 48

does pulmounary absorption go through first pass metabolism?

Answer 48

no, local application at the desired site of action

Question 49

what is a disadvantage of pulmonary absorption drug delivery?

Answer 49

only 2-10% aerosol deposited in lungs, 90% of dose is swalloed

Question 50

name 2 delivery systems for pulmonary drug adminstration

Answer 50

nebuliser and metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler

Question 51

how does a nebuliser work?

Answer 51

atomisation of liquid formulation into a mist of droplets for inhalation

Question 52

when are nebulisers used?

Answer 52

used to give high doses of reliever medicine in severe asthma attacks in primary care

Question 53

how does a metered dose inhaler work?

Answer 53

it releases aerosol of drug, designed to deliver a specific dose of medicine.

Question 54

when is a metered dose inhaler used?

Answer 54

common for self adminstration of asthma and COPD

Question 55

how does a dry powder inhaler work?

Answer 55

it is designed to deliver drug to lungs in dry powder particles, they rely on inhalation airflow to deliver drug (passive device)