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Human Anatomy & Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

the major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide;

at least four processes, collectively called ___, must happen

A

respiration

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2
Q

the actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells is known as ___ ___

A

cellular respiration

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3
Q

inspiration and expiration

A

pulmonary ventilation

consists of inspiration and expiration

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4
Q

exchange of gases between the LUNGS and the BLOOD

A

external respiration

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5
Q

the cardiovascular system transports gases
O2 is transported from lungs to tissue cells
CO2 is transported from tissue cells to lungs

A

transport of respiratory gases

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6
Q

exchange of gases between the BLOOD and the body’s TISSUE CELLS

A

internal respiration

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7
Q
A

nasal cavity

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8
Q
commonly called the throat
A

pharynx

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9
Q
commonly called the voice box
A

larynx

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10
Q
also known as the windpipe
A

trachea

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11
Q
plays a key role in protecting the body from infection
A

pharyngeal tonsil
(fr·in·jee·uhl)

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12
Q
acts as a barrier to keep harmful substances from entering the middle ear
A

tubal tonsil

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13
Q
equalizes the pressure in the middle ear and allows air to pass in and out
A

opening of pharyngotympanic tube
(fă-ring-oh-tim-pan-ik)

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14
Q
plays a key role in protecting the body from infection
A

palatine tonsil
(pa·luh·tine)

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15
Q
helps with swallowing
A

isthmus of fauces

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16
Q
is a crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass
A

laryngopharynx
(lr·ing·gow·feh·ringks)

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17
Q

the pharynx is divided into three regions:
___, ___, & ___

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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18
Q
A

oropharynx

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19
Q
A

nasopharynx

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20
Q

infected and swollen ___ ___ block air passage in the nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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21
Q

any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange

A

alveoli
(al·vee·uh·lai)

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22
Q

___ ___ ___ ___ are primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs

A

type 1 alveolar cells

(form the major part of the alveolar walls)

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23
Q

___ ___ ___ ___ maintain the stability of the alveoli by producing surfactant

A

type 2 alveolar cells

(are scattered among the type 1 cells)

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24
Q

a ___ is a chemical compound that reduces the surface tension between two substances; this substance keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy

A

surfactant

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25
Q
A

surfactant

26
Q

the framework of the ___ is an intricate arrangement of nine cartilages:
* thyroid cartilage (unpaired)
* cricoid cartilage (unpaired)
* epiglottis (unpaired)
* arytenoid cartilage (paired)
* corniculate cartilage (paired)
* cuneiform cartilage (paired)

A

larynx

27
Q

(adam’s apple)

larynx
A

laryngeal prominence
(lr·in·jee·uhl)

28
Q
larynx
A

cricoid cartilage

29
Q
larynx
A

thyroid cartilage

30
Q

the ___ ___ consists of right and left main bronchi, which subdivide within the lungs

A

bronchial tree

31
Q

this lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements

A

pleural fluid

32
Q
A

esophagus

33
Q

the ___ ___ transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

A

pulmonary arteries

34
Q

the ___ ___ carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart’s left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

35
Q

the ___ ___ is the pressure in the alveoli;
this type of pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but it always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure eventually

A

intrapulmonary pressure

36
Q

fluctuates with breathing phases, but is always about 4 mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure

(pressure within the lungs, measured in millimeters of mercury –> mmHg)

A

intrapleural pressure

37
Q

keeps the air spaces of the lungs OPEN

(keeps the lungs from collapsing)

A

transpulmonary pressure

38
Q

inspiratory muscles CONTRACT:

the diaphragm contracts –> it moves downward and flattens out

as a result, the ___ ___ ___ ___

A

thoracic cavity volume increases

39
Q

inspiratory muscles RELAX:

the diaphragm relaxes –> it moves upward

as a result, the ___ ___ ___ ___

A

thoracic cavity volume decreases

40
Q

the volume of air inhaled AND exhaled during a respiratory cycle

A

tidal volume (TV)

41
Q

the extra air that can be taken into the lungs AFTER a normal tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

42
Q

the amount of air that can be FORCEFULLY exhaled after a normal breath

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

43
Q

the amount of air REMAINING in the lungs after a person has exhaled as much as possible

A

residual volume (RV)

44
Q

___ is carried in blood in two ways:
1) bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells
2) dissolved in plasma

A

oxygen

45
Q

___ ___ is carried in blood from tissue cells to the lungs in three ways:
1) dissolved in plasma
2) chemically bound to hemoglobin
3) as bicarbonate ions in plasma

A

carbon dioxide

46
Q

inadequate oxygen delivery to ___ ___ is called hypoxia

A

body tissues

47
Q

increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs (exercise) is called ___

A

hyperpnea
(hai·prp·nee·uh)

48
Q
  • hyperpnea is breathing more deeply but not necessarily faster
  • ____ is breathing very fast and deeply, and exhaling more air than you take in
A

hyperventilation

49
Q

if you have pneumonia fluid accumulates in the ___; the eighth most common cause of death in the United States

A

alveoli

50
Q

intubation is a process where a healthcare provider inserts a tube through a person’s mouth or nose, then down into their ___

A

trachea

51
Q

during external respiration:

__________ &
C02 —–> from blood to lungs
(CO2 always travels through our blood during external respiration)

A

O2 travels from lungs to blood

52
Q

during external respiration:

O2 —–> from lungs to blood &
__________

A

CO2 travels from blood to lungs

(CO2 always travels through our blood during external respiration)

53
Q

during internal respiration:

__________ &
CO2 —–> from tissue cells to blood

A

O2 travels from blood to tissue cells

54
Q

during internal respiration:

O2 —–> from blood to tissue cells &
__________

A

CO2 travels from tissue cells to blood

55
Q

___ ___ is a condition that occurs when the body has too many unstable molecules called free radicals and not enough antioxidants to neutralize them

A

oxidative stress

56
Q
A

external respiration

57
Q
A

internal respiration

58
Q

a normal SpO2 reading is typically between 95% and 100%
SpO2 represents your ___ ___ ___ ___

A

blood oxygen saturation level

59
Q

___ ___ is typically prescribed when your oxygen saturation level (SpO2) drops below 88%

A

supplemental oxygen

60
Q

in ___, the inner walls of the alveoli are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.

A

emphysema

Human Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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