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Human Anatomy & Physiology > The Muscular System & Tissue > Flashcards

The Muscular System & Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

muscles are distinguished by their ability to transform ___ ___ into directed mechanical energy

A

chemical energy

(ATP)

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2
Q

what four characteristics enable muscle tissue to perform its duties?

A
  1. excitability
  2. extensibility
  3. elasticity
  4. contractility
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3
Q

___ ___ ___ prevent bulging muscles from bursting during exceptionally strong contractions

A

connective tissue sheaths

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4
Q

___ is the dense connective tissue that surrounds the ENTIRE muscle tissue

A

epimysium

(eh·puh·mee·see·uhm)

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5
Q

___ is the dense irregular connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into BUNDLES or FASCICLES

A

perimysium

(peh·ree·mai·see·uhm)

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6
Q

___ is the areolar connective tissue that surrounds INDIVIDUAL muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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7
Q

enveloped by the perimysium

A

fascicle

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8
Q

endomysium, epimysium, perimysium & fascicles are all ___ ___ ___

A

connective tissue sheaths

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9
Q

when muscle fibers ___, they pull
on connective tissue sheaths

A

contract

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10
Q

the position of a muscle’s ___ & ___ determines the force, velocity, and directionality of skeletal movement

A

origin & insertion

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11
Q

DIRECT muscle attachments are when a muscle inserts directly into a ___ or ___

A

bone or cartilage

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12
Q

INDIRECT muscle attachments are when a muscle is connected to a bone through a ___ ___ ___ (much more common)

A

tendon or aponeurosis

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13
Q

an ___ is a thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect your muscles to your bones
(is similar to a tendon, but they have different roles)

A

aponeurosis

(ap-uh-noo-roh-sis)

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14
Q

a ___ ___ contains three specialized structures:
myofibrils
sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubules

A

muscle cell

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15
Q

___ ___ are the way that the nervous system connects with skeletal muscles and “tells” them to contract

A

motor neurons

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16
Q

there are two main categories of contractions:
___ & ___

A

isotonic & isometric

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17
Q

contraction where the muscle’s length changes while the tension remains constant

(walking, running, squatting, hiking)
A

isotonic

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18
Q

contraction that occurs when a muscle generates force without changing its length

(planks, wall sits, squat holds)
A

isometric

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19
Q
A

ATP stored in muscles is used

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20
Q
A

ATP is formed from creatine phosphate and ADP

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21
Q
A

glycogen is broken down to glucose

which is oxidized to generate ATP

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22
Q
A

ATP is generated by aerobic pathway

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23
Q

the ___ ___ is a metabolic process that uses oxygen to produce ATP

(used during sustained exercise)
A

aerobic pathway

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24
Q

___ is a molecule that stores and provides energy for cells

A

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate)

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25
Q

___ ___ is the post-mortem stiffening of muscles caused by the depletion of ATP from the muscles

A

Rigor mortis

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26
Q

a type of muscle fiber that contracts slowly and is resistant to fatigue

best suited for endurance type activities like running a marathon

A

slow oxidative fibers

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27
Q

a type of muscle fiber that contracts fast and is moderately fatigue-resistant

best suited for sprinting or walking

A

fast oxidative fibers

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28
Q

a type of muscle fiber that contracts fast and is fatigable

best suited for short-term intense movements like hitting a baseball

A

fast glycolytic fibers

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29
Q

a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues

A

fibromyalgia

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30
Q

ATP for muscle contraction is produced ___ or ___

A

aerobically or anaerobically

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31
Q

the function of the ___ ___ in muscle contraction is to transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cells

A

T tubules

32
Q

the process of adding multiple stimuli that occur in quick succession at a single synapse

A

temporal summation

33
Q

the combined effect of a number of motor units acting within a muscle at any given time

A

multiple motor unit summation

34
Q

a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is a ___ ___ (or agonist) of that movement

A

prime mover

35
Q

muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement are ___

A

antagonists

36
Q

___ help prime movers by adding a little extra force to the same movement or by reducing unnecessary movements

A

synergists

37
Q

___ are muscles that stabilize a joint or body segment during movement

A

fixators

38
Q

the names of some muscles reveal the direction in which their ___ run:
* rectus indicates that the muscle fibers run parallel
* transversus indicates that the muscle fibers run at right angles
* oblique indicates that the muscle fibers run obliquely

A

fibers

39
Q

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is CIRCULAR when the fascicles are arranged in ___ ___

A

concentric rings

(example: orbicularis muscles surrounding the eyes and the mouth)

40
Q

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is CONVERGENT when its fascicles ___ toward a single tendon of insertion

A

converge

(example: the pectoralis major muscle of the
anterior thorax)

41
Q

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is PARALLEL when the length of the fascicles runs ___ to the long axis of the muscle

A

parallel

(example: the sartorius muscle or the biceps brachii muscle)

42
Q

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is PENNATE when the fascicles are ___ and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle

A

short

(three types are unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate)

43
Q

a ___ allows a given effort either to move a heavier load or to move a load farther/faster

A

lever

44
Q

levers in the human body are formed by muscles and bones, and the primary purpose is to produce a ___ ___

three types are first-class, second-class, & third-class

A

mechanical advantage

45
Q

the effort & load is at one end of the lever with the fulcrum between

A

first-class leverage

46
Q

the lever & fulcrum is at one end of the lever with the load between

A

second-class leverage

47
Q

the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum

A

third-class leverage

48
Q
A

temporalis muscle

49
Q
A

masseter muscle

(ma·suh·tr)

50
Q
A

orbicularis muscle

51
Q
A

platysma muscle

52
Q
A

sternohyoid muscle

53
Q
A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

54
Q
A

gastrocnemius muscle

(ga·straak·nee·mee·uhs)

55
Q
A

soleus muscle

56
Q

muscles used in facial expressions

smile

A

zygomaticus major

57
Q

muscles used in facial expressions

pucker

A

orbicularis muscle

58
Q

muscles used in facial expressions

pout

A

mentalis muscle

59
Q

muscles used in facial expressions

tense neck

A

platysma muscle

60
Q

muscles used in facial expressions

angry eyebrows

A

corrugator muscle

61
Q

muscles used in facial expressions

blink

A

orbicularis oculi muscle

62
Q

muscles used in facial expressions

raised eyebrows

A

frontal belly of epicranius

63
Q

in the body,
bones are the levers,
joints are the fulcrums,
and skeletal muscles exert the effort at their ___

A

insertions

64
Q

the tendons in the ___ ___ are:
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
- Abductor pollicis longus

A

anatomical snuffbox

65
Q

the ___ that are responsible for muscle contraction are:
- Actin
- Myosin
- Tropomyosin
- Titin
- Acetylcholine

A

proteins

66
Q

also known as the “boxer’s muscle” because it’s used when punching

A

serratus anterior muscle

67
Q

helps stabilize the clavicle

A

subclavius muscle

68
Q

helps with many arm, neck, and shoulder movements

A

levator scapulae muscle

69
Q

part of the rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus muscle

70
Q

part of the rotator cuff

A

infraspinatus muscle

71
Q

rotates the arm away from the midline

A

teres minor muscle

72
Q

rotates the arm towards the midline

A

teres major muscle

73
Q

located deep to the trapezius muscle

A

rhomboid minor muscle

74
Q

located deep to the trapezius muscle

A

rhomboid major muscle

75
Q

primary function is upper extremity movement

A

latissimus dorsi muscle

Human Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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