The Respiratory System

Question 2

What is TV

Answer 2

The amount of air breathed in and out per breath

Question 3

What is breathing frequency

Answer 3

How many breaths taken per minute

Question 4

What is minute ventilation

Answer 4

The amount of air breathed in and out per minute

Question 5

What is the resting volume of tidal volume

Answer 5

500ml

Question 6

What is the resting volume for breathing frequency

Answer 6

12bpm

Question 7

What is the resting volume of minute ventilation

Answer 7

6-10L/m

Question 8

What is the maximal volume of TV

Answer 8

3L

Question 9

What is the maximal value for breathing frequency

Answer 9

70-120bpm

Question 10

What is the maximal value of minute ventilation

Answer 10

180L/m

Question 11

Is inspiration during rest active or passive

Answer 11

Active

Question 12

What muscles contract during inspiration

Answer 12

Diaphragm
External intercostals

Question 13

Is expiration during rest and active or passive action

Answer 13

Passive

Question 14

What additional muscles help inspiration during excercise

Answer 14

Pectorals
SCMs
Trapezius

Question 15

How does the chest cavity volume and air pressure values differ to rest

Answer 15

Values are greater than those at rest

Question 16

Why does the chest cavity expand

Answer 16

To create a low area of pressure so air can flow in as particles move from a high to low pressure

Question 17

Is expiration during excercise active or passive

Answer 17

Active

Question 18

What additional muscles help expiration during exercise

Answer 18

Inter - intercostals
Abdominals force diaphragm to contract quicker

Question 19

Describe how vascular shunt takes place

Answer 19

A receptor detects a change

Sends impulse to vasomotor centre

Sympathetic nervous system vasolidates arteries carrying blood to working muscles

Vasoconstriction of arteries carrying blood to non working muscles

Question 20

Explain the changes to stroke volume during sub maximal excercise

Answer 20

Increase Venus return , Increase SV
SV reaches maximal levels during sub maximal exercise
120-200 ml
SV may decrease as diastole does not have enough time to occur

Question 21

What is the average value of cardiac output during maximal exercise

Answer 21

20-40L

Question 22

Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle

Answer 22

SA node generates cardiac impulse
Atrial systole occurs
Impulse travels to AV node
Impulse continues down bundle of His
Causing ventricular contraction

Question 23

Describe intrinsic control of the heart during exercise

Answer 23

Increase in venous return
RA stretches
SA node increases rate of firing
Increasing end diastolic volume

Question 24

Explain why more oxygen disassociates from blood into the muscle cell during exercise

Answer 24

Body temperature increases so HG affinity to 02 increases
HG becomes fully saturated during excercise
Working muscles utilise more 02
HG gives up 02 to the muscle easier
Increased 02 diffusion gradient
Increased removal of co2

Question 25

Name the 5 mechanisms of venous return

Answer 25

Pocket valves Muscle pump Respiratory pump Smooth muscle gravity

Question 26

Explain how an increase of Venus return during exercise affects the quality of an athletes performance

Answer 26

Increased VR causes atria to stretch Stimulating SA node Increasing HR Increases SV Cardiac output increases Increased performance

Question 27

Describe the mechanics of breathing for inspiration at rest

Answer 27

EICs contract Diaphragm contract Ribs go up and out Increasing TC volume Creating an area of low pressure

Question 28

Explain the role of the SCM muscle during excercise

Answer 28

SCM contracts during respiration Causes rib cage to move up and out During expiration SCM relax Causing rib cage to move down and in

Question 29

Describe the mechanics of breathing for inspiration during excercise

Answer 29

EICs contact with greater force Diaphragm contracts with greater force Additional muscles such as the trapezius are recruited Chest cavity is greater than at rest So more air enters lungs as air moves from a low to high pressure

Question 30

Describe the short term effects of excercise on gas exchange at the alveoli

Answer 30

Gases diffuse from an are of high to low concentration Therefore more oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood

Question 31

Outline how oxygen is transported in blood

Answer 31

Oxygen combines with HG Oxygen dissolved in plasma

Question 32

Describe the process of oxygen diffusion at the alveoli during exercise

Answer 32

02 moves from alveoli to blood High pp of 02 in alveoli During exercise muscles use more 02 So there is lower pp of 02 in blood