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Anatomy & Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts to the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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2
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the lungs like?

A

The lung’s fine anatomy (in diagrams) are very similar

In their gross anatomy (microscopic) they are asymmetrical and different, can be seen especially in the left lung.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea.

A

The primary bronchi branches into left and right bronchi, dividing the airway.

Contains tactile mechanosensory nerves and chemical sensing nerves associated with triggering the cough reflex.

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4
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle.

A

This muscle allows the oesophagus to bulge into the trachea when swallowing food.

This muscle contracts when you cough and close down the cross sectional area of the trachea.

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5
Q

What are the roles of the mucosa and submucosa?

A

To lubricate the airway

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6
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of the mucosa.

A

Made up of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Contains cilia which ‘wafts’ mucous and other trapped materials up the trachea and we swallow it.

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7
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Root of lung.

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8
Q

What are the 3 lobes the right side of the lungs are divided into?

A

Apex
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure

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9
Q

What are the 2 lobes the left side of the lungs are divided into?

A

Costal surface

Oblique fissure

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10
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of the bronchioles.

A

The walls of bronchioles are very thin, some gas exchange may be possible in this area.

Only supported by the alveoli themselves

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11
Q

What are capillaries?

A

A whole network of capillaries which can be found in the alveoli.

Important for gas exchange and transporting oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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12
Q

Why are capillaries good for gas exchange?

A

The end of the capillary is very thin. There is not a lot of distance for the oxygen to diffuse from he alveoli into the blood.

Contains macrophages to filter and remove debris of small particles

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13
Q

What are type 1 alveolar cells?

A

Made up the simple squamous epithelium tissues of the alveoli.

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14
Q

What are type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Secrete surfactant which is a detergent-like substance that reduces the surface tension in order for gas exchange to take place efficiently.

This prevents them from collapsing when we breathe.

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15
Q

How are large debris particles filtered?

A

Nasal hairs

Mucus of upper respiratory tract

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16
Q

How are medium debris particles filtered?

A

Mucus of bronchi and bronchioles

Mucociliary escalator

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17
Q

How are small debris particles filtered?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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18
Q

What condition causes foreign matter to not be removed?

A

Smoker’s lung

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19
Q

What is total pressure?

A

A mixture of gasses equals the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.

The pressure exerted by each gas independently depends on the amount of that gas in the mixture.

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20
Q

What is air like in the alveoli?

A

The air in the alveoli is ‘state’ due to the blood rushes past the alveoli, picking up oxygen, dumping carbon dioxide all time, it is a continuous process.

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21
Q

What is Flick’s law of diffusion?

A

The rate of gas transfer is proportional to:

  • Tissue area
  • Diffusion coefficient of the gas
  • Difference in partial pressure either side of the membrane
22
Q

What is the rate of gas transfer inversely proportional to?

A

The thickness of the membrane

23
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

The volume of air that takes part in gas exchange

24
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries

25
Q

What is the pleurae of the lungs?

A

The chest cavity is lined by a thin shiny membrane called the pleura, which covers the inside surface of the rib cage and spreads over the lungs as well.

26
Q

What is the function of the pleurae of the lungs?

A

The pleura produces a small amount of fluid which serves as a lubricant to the lungs as they move back and forth against the chest wall during respiration.

27
Q

Where can you find pleurae?

A

Lung surface covered by visceral pleura

Thoracic cavity lined by parietal pleura

Pleural cavity contains pleural fluid

28
Q

What kind of breathing do the intercostal muscles support?

A

External intercostal muscles = relaxed & forced inhalation

Internal intercostal muscles = forced exhalation

29
Q

What does contraction and relaxation do in regards to breathing?

A

Contraction increases volume inside the thorax

Relaxation decreased volume inside the thorax

30
Q

Describe the role of the diaphragm in breathing.

A

As the diaphragm contracts, it will pull downwards and increase the volume of the ribcage and lungs upon relaxation.

31
Q

Describe the process of relaxed inhalation.

A
  1. Diaphragm & external intercostals contract
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. Lung volume increases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops.
  5. Air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient
32
Q

Describe the process of relaxed exhalation.

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax. Rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages.
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. Elastic recoil of lungs. Intrapulmonary volume decreases.
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises.
  5. Air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient.
33
Q

What is forced inhalation?

A

We recruit extra muscles in the process of forced inhalation. You can feel the tension of your muscles in your neck and thoracic muscles.

Provides the extra energy needed to lift the rib cage, assisting the external intercostal muscles.

34
Q

What is forced exhalation?

A

Muscles pull the ribcage down more rapidly, opposed to letting it relax passively. This pushes the internal organs of the abdomen up against the diaphragm, allowing it to relax and reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity.

35
Q

When would a person use forced exhalation?

A

Can be used at times or exercise or when out of breath, we may want to empty our lungs more quickly.

36
Q

What are the two types of intercostal muscles?

A

External intercostal muscles

Innermost intercostal muscles

37
Q

What’s the main role of innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Stiffening chest walls during breathing and forced exhalation

38
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

39
Q

Describe Boyle’s law in relation to a pressure tank.

A

As you decrease the volume, pressure will increase.

Particles move continuously, bouncing off walls and colliding with other particles.

The pressure is lower in the first tank as the particles are in a higher volume tank, therefore have more space to move, reducing the collision frequency.

40
Q

Explain Dalton’s law, using particles in a box as an example.

A
  1. Particles move freely around, interacting with the sides of the box and other particles.
  2. If we add more particles without changing the box size, the chances of collision increases and we would notice an increase in pressure.
41
Q

Define Dalton’s law

A

Dalton’s law explains that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gasses in the mixture.

The pressure exerted by each gas independently depends on the amount of that gas in the mixture.

42
Q

What are the effects of altitude on air pressure?

A

As you go up a mountain, the atmospheric pressure will be reduced.

As you dive deep into the ocean, pressure will increase

43
Q

What can be used as a therapeutic therapy for people with gangrene or carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Hyperbaric chambers can be used to raise air pressure by several atmospheres, providing them with an enhanced partial pressure and availability of oxygen.

44
Q

What does Henry’s Law states?

A

States that the amount of carbon dioxide (or any gas) that is dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the gas above

45
Q

Describe Henry’s Law using a can of fizzy drink as an example.

A

When you shake a can of fizzy drink, you can hear the gas space above the drink which has a high partial pressure of CO2. This is why the drink doesn’t bubble when the can is not open.

When we open the can, the CO2 above the can escapes, lowering the partial pressure of CO2. It can no longer remain in the drink and hence why the drink becomes bubbly.

46
Q

What factors influence the work of breathing?

A
  1. The resistance of the airway
  2. Elasticity of the lung tissue
  3. Any obstruction to flow
  4. Chest wall compliance
47
Q

What factors influence airflow?

A
  1. Pulmonary compliance
  2. Airway resistance
  3. Alveolar surface tension
48
Q

What do we mean when we talk about compliance?

A

The idea of compliance is talking about the ease of expansion of the lungs, how easy it is to fill them up.

If we have a huge elastic recoil, it is more difficult to fill the lungs.

49
Q

What can potentially affect pulmonary compliance?

A

Decreased compliance - Pulmonary TB & Pneumonia

Increased compliance - Emphysema & Normal ageing

50
Q

What would happen if there is a high surface tension in the alveolar surface?

A

Cause alveoli to collapse

Severely decrease compliance

Make it very hard to inflate lungs

51
Q

Why is lung volume useful?

A

Useful for assessment or monitoring of respiratory diseases.

Restrictive disorders = reduced vital capacity
Obstructive disorders = high residual volume and small inspiratory reserve volume

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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