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Anatomy & Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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2
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary - stimulated by nerves

Striated

Multinucleated

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3
Q

Describe the physiology of skeletal muscle.

A

These muscles form the flesh of the body, and as they contract, they pull on the bones or skin, causing body movements.

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4
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of cardiac muscle.

A

Involuntary - auto rhythmic

Striated

Single nucleus

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5
Q

Describe the physiology of cardiac muscle.

A

Found only in the walls of the heart, its contractions help propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body.

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6
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of smooth muscle.

A

Involuntary - auto rhythmic

Non-striated

Single nucleus

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7
Q

Describe the physiology of smooth muscle.

A

Except for the heart, the muscles in the walls of body’s hollow organs is almost entirely smooth muscle.

Lacks coarse connective tissue sheaths but does have a fine connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.

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8
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A 
Movement
Posture 
Regulating organ volume
Moving substances in the body 
Heat production
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9
Q

What are the structural characteristics of a muscle?

A

Excitability (ability to response to a stimulus)

Contractility

Extensibility (ability to be stretched or extended)

Elasticity (ability to return to original length after stretching)

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10
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of a muscle attachment

A

One end of the muscle is attached to a structure that remains stationary (this is the origin)

The opposite end of the muscle that is moved by the contraction is known as the insertion

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11
Q

What is movement?

A

Movement occurs when a muscle contracts and results from several muscles working together.

Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs called antagonistic pairs.

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12
Q

What are the 4 terms used when referring to movement?

A

Agonist - prime mover, contracts to cause action

Antagonist - stretches and yields to the action of the agonist

Synergist - contracts to stabilise intermediate joints

Fixator - stabilise the origin of the agonist

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13
Q

What tissue surrounds the whole muscle?

A

Epimysium

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14
Q

What tissue surrounds bundles of fibres?

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

What tissue surrounds individual muscle fibres?

A

Endomysium

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16
Q

What are muscle fibres made up of?

A

Myofibrils

17
Q

What are myofibrils made up of?

A

actin and myosin

myofilaments

18
Q

What gives muscles their striated appearance?

A

Overlapping of the thin actin and the thick myosin filaments

19
Q

Where does ATP come from?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

20
Q

What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
21
Q

Where does aerobic respiration get its energy from?

A

Glucose

Free fatty acids from adipose tissue

Amino acids

22
Q

Does aerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

Yes

23
Q

Does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

No

24
Q

How long is the duration of energy provision from aerobic respiration?

A

Hours

25
Q

How long is the duration of energy provision from aerobic respiration?

A

60 seconds, or slightly more

26
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration get its energy from?

A

Glucose

27
Q

What are the 2 stages of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis

Lactic acid formation

28
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

Stored in the muscles, part of ATP production

29
Q

Does creatine phosphate oxygen?

A

No

30
Q

Where does creatine phosphate get its energy from?

A

creatine phosphate

31
Q

How long is the duration of energy provision from creatine phosphate?

A

15 seconds

32
Q

When would someone respire anaerobically?

A

If ATP demand exceeds that available

33
Q

What physiological changes take place during exercise?

A

Increase in CO2 and lactic acid. pH becomes more acidic.

Increase in muscle movement and increases in respiration.

Increased return of blood to the heart.

34
Q

Which receptors detect changes during exercise?

A

Chemoreceptors detect CO2 and pH

Proprioceptors detect increased muscle movement

Baroreceptors detect increase blood return to the heart

35
Q

What are the outcomes of the physiological changes during exercise?

A

Increase in ventilation and cardiac output

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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