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Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the skeletal system?

A

Bone and cartilage

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2
Q

What is the role of hyaline cartilage in the skeletal system?

A

Provides firm support with some pliability

Covers the ends of long bones providing springy pads that absorb compression at joints

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3
Q

What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

Has cartilage cells (chondrocytes) located within lacunae in the tissue matrix

Vascularized perichondrium surrounds the cartilage, nourishing the tissue and producing new tissue.

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4
Q

What is the role of fibrocartilage in the skeletal system?

A

Strong and compressible. Found in the knees and discs between vertebrae and pubis

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5
Q

What is the structure of fibrocartilage?

A

Has rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibres.

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6
Q

What are the main functions of the skeleton and of bone?

A 
Support
Protection 
Movement 
Mineral Storage 
Blood cell formation
Fat storage
Hormone production
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7
Q

What are the 4 shapes of bones?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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8
Q

Describe the structure of long bones.

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide. Has a shaft plus two ends

All limb bones are long bones. (named after elongated shape, not overall length)

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9
Q

Describe the structure of short bones.

A

Cube shaped. The wrist and ankles are examples.

Sesamoid bones are a special type of short bone forms in a tendon.

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10
Q

Describe the structure of flat bones.

A

Thin, flattened and usually a bit curved.

The sternum, ribs and most skull bones are flat bones

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11
Q

Describe the structure of irregular bones.

A

Complicated shapes that fit none of the proceedings.

The vertebrae and hip bones are examples.

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12
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Spongey bone

Compact bone

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13
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of a compact bone.

A

Bone riddled with passageways that serve as channels for nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of a spongey bone.

A

Bone that aligns precisely along the lines of stress and help the bones resist stress.

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15
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

They are the ‘builder’ cells.

Matrix-synthesizing cells that are responsible for bone growth.

Osteoblasts produce calcium to the tissues, calcifying the tissue.

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16
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

They are bone-resorbing cells.

Polynuclear, meaning they produce a lot of proteinaceous enzymes and acidic compounds

The cells will push the ruffled border against bony material to digest it away.

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17
Q

What do osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to do?

A

They work together to continuously remodel the bone.

18
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Sit in the lacunae for years acting as sensory cells.

19
Q

What do bone lining cells do?

A

Work with and communicate with osteocytes to help regulate remodelling and repair of bony tissue.

20
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Group of hollow tubes of bone matrix.

Tiny weight-bearing pillars providing strength.

21
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

A

Runs through the core of each osteon. Contains small blood vessels and nerve fibres that serve the needs of the osteon’s cells.

22
Q

What are Volkmann’s canals?

A

Canals of a second type called Volkmann’s canals lie at right angles to the long axis of bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals.

23
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

Incomplete lamelle. They fill the gaps between forming osteons

24
Q

What are circumferential lamellae?

A

Located just deep to the periosteum.

Resist the twisting of long bone.

25
Q

What is the chemical make-up of bone?

A

30% organic (for flexibility and strength)

70% minerals (for hardness)

26
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Makes up ~1/3 of bone matrix.

Contribute to bone structure and flexibility. Helps resist stretch and twisting.

27
Q

Explain why a bone is so tough and has great tensile strength.

A

A bone’s resilience comes from the presence of sacrificial bones in or between collagen molecules.

The bones break easily on impact, dissipating energy to prevent the force from rising to a fracture value. These bonds can re-form.

28
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity.

The arrangement permits substantial freedom of movement, and all synovial joints are freely moveable.

29
Q

Structure of synovial joint - Articular cartilage.

A

Glassy, smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage.

The thin but spongey cushions absorb compression placed on the joint.

30
Q

Structure of synovial joint - Joint cavity.

A

A feature unique to synovial joints, the joint cavity is really just a potential space that contains smalls mount of synovial fluid.

31
Q

Structure of synovial joint - Articular capsule.

A

The joint cavity is enclosed by a 2-layered articular capsule that is tough and fibrous.

Strengthens the joint so the bones are not pulled apart.

32
Q

Structure of synovial joint - Synovial fluid.

A

Small amount of slippery fluid occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule. Delivered by filtration from blood flowing through capillaries in the synovial membrane.

33
Q

Structure of synovial joint - reinforcing ligaments.

A

Joints are reinforced and strengthened by ligaments.

34
Q

Structure of synovial joint - Nerves and blood vessels.

A

Joints are richly supplied with sensory nerve fibres that detect pain and monitor joint position and stretch.

35
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Ball-and-socket joint
  2. Hinge joint
  3. Saddle joint.
  4. Pivot joint
  5. Condyloid joint
  6. Gliding joint
36
Q

What is the bursae? (Synovial joint accessory structures)

A

The bursae are not strictly part of synovial joints, but often found closely associated with them.

The bursae are bags of lubricant that reduce friction during joint activity.

37
Q

What are fat pads? (Synovial joint accessory structures)

A

Cushioning pads that absorb forces.

A condition called Hoffa’s disease is where this pad swells and gets pinched when the knee moves

38
Q

What are ligaments? (Synovial joint accessory structures)

A

Ligaments unit the bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion.
As a rule, the more ligaments a joint has, the stronger it is.

39
Q

What are the menisci? (Synovial joint accessory structures)

A

The medial and lateral meniscus are made of fibrocartilage and act as shock-absorbers of the stresses of walking, running, moving etc….

40
Q

What are the tendons and tendon sheaths? (Synovial joint accessory structures)

A

A tendon sheath is essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction.

Common where several tendons are crowded together.

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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