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Anatomy & Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a sticky, viscous fluid and is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.35

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2
Q

What are 6 cells that form whole blood?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  3. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  4. Granulocytes
  5. Agranulocytes
  6. Platelets
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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid that consists of ~90% water, proteins and other solutes.

Role is a carrier protein to shuttle various molecules through circulation and creates osmotic pressure in blood vessels

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4
Q

How does the body regulate a steady level of blood plasma?

A

If plasma protein levels drop significantly, then the liver will make more proteins

If blood becomes too acidic, then the respiratory and renal system kick in to restore pH

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5
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells.

Do not contain a nucleus but does have haemoglobin

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6
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

Involved in immune system response to fight invading pathogens.

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7
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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8
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils - phagocyte bacteria

Eosinophils - involved in allergies and kill parasites

Basophils - involved in inflammatory response

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9
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes - form plasma cells which produce antibodies

Monocytes - phagocyte debris

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10
Q

What are platelets?

A

Known as thrombocytes - are fragments of cells involved in blood clotting response.

They stick to the area of damage to form a ‘platelet plug’

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11
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport
Regulation
Protection

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12
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Blood transports gases (O and CO2) around the body, taking oxygen from the lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to lungs to be breathed out.

Blood also carries nutrients, hormones and waste products

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13
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

Blood helps to regulate the pH, temperature and water content of the tissues.

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14
Q

What role does blood play in protection?

A

The blood’s ability to clot protects the body from losing too much blood.

White blood cells attack and destroy invading pathogens

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15
Q

What elements are formed in the red bone marrow?

A

Hemopoiesis

Erythropoiesis

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16
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The process which produces red blood cells occurring in the red bone marrow.

Hormone EPO stimulates this process

17
Q

A basal level of EPO circulates in the blood stream. When does the hormone EPO increase?

A

When the body detects a condition of hypoxia, EPO production increases and this in turn stimulates the red bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis to increase RBC production.

18
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

a series of responses to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel.

Without this response from the body, we would very quickly loose all of our blood volume through even the tiniest of cuts!

19
Q

What are the 3 steps of haemostasis?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction (vascular spasm)
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
20
Q

What happens during vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)

A

Damaged tissue initially responds by vasoconstriction, which is the contraction of smooth muscle, which acts to significantly limit blood loss.

Essentially ‘buys time’ for the next 2 steps to occur

21
Q

What happens during platelet plug formation?

A

Platelets aggregate to form a temporary plug that seals the break in the vascular wall.

As more platelets aggregate, chemicals are released that stimulate more platelets to migrate to the area and aggregate.

22
Q

What happens during coagulation (blood clotting)?

A

Involves infiltrating and reinforcing the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act like glue to bind all of the aggregated platelets together.

As blood clot traps the blood’s formed elements, the plasma is now without its clotting proteins and forms a yellow liquid called serum.

23
Q

What chemical reactions are involved in coagulation?

A

Enzymatic cascade

Calcium is a key ion involved in this process as well as vitamin K.

24
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

The percentage of RBC in a blood sample.

42% in females and 47% in males. If levels are lower, can indicate certain conditions or disease states.

25
Q

What happens to haematocrit levels with severe dehydration, and why?

A

Haematocrit increases with severe dehydration.
As water content of plasma has decreased, the proportion of plasma in the whole blood has also decreased whilst the RBC increase

26
Q

How are blood groups determined?

A

By the antigens found on the plasma membrane of RBCs.

27
Q

What happens if an incompatible blood type is used in a blood transfusion?

A

A potentially life reaction will occur. The patient’s blood agglutinates (clumps together) with the donor blood.

Blood cannot flow through vessels smoothly and will becomes blocked. Donor RBCs wont function to carry oxygen, so cells and tissues become hypoxic and die.

28
Q

What are the blood groups?

A 
A (+/-)
B (+/-)
AB (+/-)
O (+/-)
Rh (rare)
29
Q

What is Rh blood group?

A

Also called antigen D.

You are termed either Rh+ or Rh- depending on the presence or absence of the rhesus molecule on your RBC, respectively.

30
Q

What are antibodies in blood?

A

Depending on the antigens found on the RBCs cell surface, the body will create opposing antibodies (agglutinins) that will react against antigens that are not recognised as your own.

This reaction is called agglutination

31
Q

How are Rh antibodies different to the normal ABO antibodies?

A

Rh antibodies do not spontaneously form in individuals who are Rh-

However if you receive Rh+ blood, then their body becomes sensitised to this and their immune system will begin to produce anti-D antibodies.

32
Q

What are universal donors?

A

Individuals that can give blood to anyone.

Blood group O. There are no antigens that could agglutinate with recipients antibodies

33
Q

What are universal recipients

A

Individuals that can receive blood from anyone.

Blood group AB. Their blood does not contain antibodies that could agglutinate with donor antigens

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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