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ANATOMY 240 🧬 > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The reproductive system is designed to

A

perpetuate the species

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2
Q

Male gametes

A

sperm cells

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3
Q

Female gametes

A

ova

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4
Q

Fertilization

A

joining of a sperm cell and an ovum

results in formation of a zygote

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5
Q

The reproductive system includes

A
  • gonads (testes/ovaries)
  • reproductive tract
  • accessory glands
  • perineal structures (external genetalia)
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6
Q

Structures of the male reproductive system
(know the picture)

A
  • testis
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • spongey urethra
  • seminal gland
  • prostate gland
  • bulbo-urethral gland
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7
Q

Where are the testes?

A

They hang inside a pouch called the scrotum, which is on the outside of the body

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8
Q

Development of the testes

A

testes form inside the abdominal cavity near the kidneys

they descend toward the scrotum by passing through the inguinal canals

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9
Q

Spermatic cords

A

bundle the ductus deferens, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to the testes

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10
Q

Temperature for testicle development

Temperature for sperm development

A

98.6; which is why they develop in the abdominal cavity

96.6; which is why they the testes are outside the body

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11
Q

Two chambers of the scotum

A

scrotal cavities

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12
Q

Peripheral raphe

A

separate the chambers

can be seen as thickened tissue that extends from the anus, across the scrotum, and along the anterior surface of the penis

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13
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

a serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and covers the inside lining of each scrotal cavity

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14
Q

Dartos muscle

A

contraction causes the wrinkling of the scrotal surface

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15
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

contraction tenses the scrotal sac and pulls it closer to the body to maintain proper temperature

Cold temp = testes move closer to the abdomen

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16
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

a tough fibrous lining of the testes

separates the testes into lobules -> seminiferous tubules -> epididymus

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17
Q

Interstitial cells

  • location + hormone
A

found within the space between the coils of the seminiferous tubules

produce and release testosterone

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18
Q

Epididymus

A

sperm cells move from the seminiferous tubules (via fluid movement) eventually to the epididymis to mature a little longer

recycling center for damaged spermatozoa

stores spermatozoa for further maturation (about two weeks) to get activated

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19
Q

Process of capacitation

A

sperm cells become motile when mixed with secretions from the seminal glands

become capable of fertilizing an egg when exposed to the female reproductive tract

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20
Q

Ductus deferens alternate name

A

vas deferens

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21
Q

know the pathway of the vas deferens

A
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22
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

extends from the urinary bladder through the prostate gland

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23
Q

Membranous urethra

A

the merging of the prostatic urethra and the ejaculatory duct

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24
Q

Spongey urethra

A

passes through the penis

sometimes called the penile urethra

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25
Q

Male accessory glands

A
  • seminal glands
  • prostate gland
  • bulbo-urethral glands
26
Q

Seminal glands

A

produce 60% of the semen volume

produce seminal fluid

contents empty into the ductus deferens

27
Q

Seminal fluid consists of

A
  • a high concentration of fructose
  • prostaglandins
  • clotting factors
28
Q

Prostate gland

A

produces 20-30% of semen volume

contents empty into the prostatic urethra

weakly acidic

29
Q

Bulbo-urethral glands

A

produces 5% of semen volume

paired glands at the base of the penis

contents empty into the spongey urethra

30
Q

Bulbo-urethral glands secretions

A

consists of thick, sticky, alkaline mucus

neutralizes urinary acids that are remaining in the urethra

provides lubrication for the tip of the penis

31
Q

How many mL of semen per ejaculation?

A

2-5mL

32
Q

Ejaculation material consists of

A
  • <5% spermatozoa
  • seminal fluid
  • enzymes that dissolves vaginal mucus and acts as an antibiotic
33
Q

Penis regions

A

Root: each one attaches to the rami of the ischia

Body: consists of erectile tissue

Glans: expanded distal end of the penis that surrounds the external urethral orifice

34
Q

3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue and blood vessels

A

2 corpora cavernosa
1 corpus spongiosum

35
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A
  • contains the deep artery of the penis in the center
  • each cavernosum extends posteriorly forming a crus of the penis
  • each crus is bound to the ramus of the ischium
36
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

consists of spongey urethra

37
Q

Erection of the penis steps

A
  1. parasympathetic nerves are activated
  2. arterial vessels dilate
  3. arterial vessels and vascular channels in corpus cavernosa become engorges with blood
  4. erection occurs
38
Q

Ovaries

A

consist of a cortex (where gamete production takes place) and a medulla

39
Q

What initiates the ovarian cycle and what happens

A

FSH initiates the cycle

then, follicles begin to mature and produce estrogen

40
Q

Ovulation =

A
  • gamete release
41
Q

A rise in what causes weakening in the follicular wall?

A

Leutinizing hormone

once the wall breaks, the egg is released into the uterine tube

42
Q

Corpus luteum
Corpus albigans

A

corpus luteum: empty follicle that produces progesterone
corpus albigans: forms as a result of corpus luteum decomposition

43
Q

Progesterone

A

prepares the body for pregnancy

44
Q

4 regions of the uterine tubes

A

isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum
fimbrae

45
Q

Fimbrae

A

creates a current to draw egg into uterine tube

46
Q

Uterus functions

A
  • provides protection and nutrient support for embryo
  • removes waste made by embryo
47
Q

Uterine walls

A
  • Endometrium
  • Myometrium: longitudinal, circular, and oblique smooth muscles
  • Perimetrium
48
Q

Endometrium layers

A

Functional layer: closest to the uterine cavity, contains the uterine glands, and undergoes cyclic changes due to hormones

Basilar layer: closest to the myometrium and stays relatively constant

49
Q

3 phases of the uterine cyle

A
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
  • menses
50
Q

Proliferative phase

A

increase in estrogen

endometrial lining thickens to prepare the body for the implantation of a fertilized egg

51
Q

Secretory phase

A

increase in progesterone

endometrial glands enlarge and blood vessels elongate

if present, the egg is ready to implant

52
Q

Menses

A

(menstruation) decrease in estrogen and progesterone

causes constriction of blood vessels and results in loss of endometrial cells

53
Q

The vagina extends from

A

the cervix of the uterus to the external genetalia

edges of the cervix form the fornix

54
Q

Normal population of bacteria in the vagina

A
  • get nutrients from the cervical mucus
  • create an acidic environment that reduces the growth of many pathogenic organisms
  • reduces sperm mobility (counteracted by buffers in seminal fluid)
55
Q

Histology of vagina

A
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
  • tissue forms rugae when relaxed
  • contains lamina propria (thick + elastic)
56
Q

Vulva

A

entire genitalia area

57
Q

Vestibule

A

opening into vagina surrounded by the labia minora

58
Q

Clitoris

A

contains erectile tissue that swells with blood during sexual arousal

59
Q

Labia majora + mons pubis

A

forms lateral and superior edges of the vestibule

60
Q

Crus of the clitoris

A

extends along the medial surface of the pubic arch

ANATOMY 240 🧬 (13 decks)

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