CH 19 :Endocrine System Flashcards
The endocrine system and the ———— work together to monitor the body’s activity?
The nervous system
The endocrine system releases chemicals called what?
Hormones
Hormones and receptors are like what?
Key and lock
The key in the lock have to complement each other to work
What is the hormone step by step on how it’s released?
Hormones leave a gland or gland like structure
The hormone enters into the bloodstream
The hormone travels to its target organ or tissue
Then the hormone causes the target organ to respond
What are the main endocrine organs?
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pineal gland
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Reproductive glands
What are the other endocrine tissues?
Heart
Kidney
Adipose cells
Digestive tract
What does hormones mean?
To excite
What are the four groups based on chemical structure for hormones?
Amino acid hormone
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones- cholesterol
Eicosanoid hormones
What is an example of Eicosanoids and what does it do?
Prostaglandin— it increases inflammation
**Anti inflammatory medication is meant to block this
The hypothalamus regulate the endocrine system and controls the pituitary gland
What are the three mechanisms the hypothalamus functions via?
Secrets regulatory hormones
—Secrets releasing hormones (RH)
—Secrets inhibiting hormones (IH)
Acts as an endocrine organ
—Releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin to the pituitary gland
Contains autonomic nervous system centers
—Exerts control over the super Reno medulla(Adrenal gland)
—Stress hormones
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Norepinephrine
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus via the what?
Infundibulum
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland and how many peptide hormones does each one release?
- Adenohypophysis - anterior lobe which releases 7 peptide hormones.
2.Neurohypophsis - posterior lobe which releases 2 peptide hormones
**Peptide hormones are chains of amino acids
What are neurosecretions?
They are created in neurons but they go into the blood stream and become hormones
The Neurohypophysis(posterior lobe of pituitary gland) releases two neurosecretions.
What are they?
- ADH (Anti diuretic hormone)
- OT (Oxytoxin)
What does a diuretic do?
Diuretic increases urine production
We lose more fluid from the body so we lose fluid from the blood
That causes a decrease in blood volume which changes blood pressure
“Water pill”
Low blood volume = low blood pressure
What does anti diuretic do?
Keeps more water in the body by making less urine
High blood volume = High blood pressure
Which one is dangerous low blood pressure or high blood pressure and why?
Low blood pressure is dangerous
Because blood will not be pumped properly and so blood doesn’t get to the brain and other organs which is dangerous
What do we secrete when blood pressure falls to bring it back up or there is a rise in electrolyte concentration?
It’s another name for ADH
Vasopressin
What does OT (Oxytoxin) do?
Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the muscle in the reproductive tract
—it induces labor
It’s the “milk let down” for women in nursing (pushes the milk out, it doesn’t make the milk)
It also helps men with ejaculation
The Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland) releases 7 hormones what are they?
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Growth hormone (GH)
—also called Somatotropin - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Know the TSH cascade
Draw a picture NOWW!!!
It starts with the Hypothalamus
Know the ACTH cascade
Draw a picture NOWW!!!
Know the FSH cascade
Draw a picture NOWW!!!
Starts with Hypothalamus
Goes from the pituitary to the ovary (women) which makes estrogen
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
To FSH
To Estrogen
FSH goes to testes (men) and helps to increase sperm production
What does the FSH do?
1.Regulates the monthly menstrual cycle
- It goes to the testes and helps to increase sperm production for men
What does the Luteinizing hormone do for women and men?
Know the cascade for this hormone
For women
Causes the ovary to ovulate the egg cell by bursting the follicle and changes the follicle to make progesterone
For men
Targets the interstitial cells in males to produce testosterone
What does prolactin do?
This hormone doesn’t have a cascade
Targets the mammary glands and stimulates the production of milk
What does growth hormone(somatotropin) do?
Causes protein synthesis resulting in growth -affects our growth plate
What does Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH) do?
It suppresses appetite in humans
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
Isthmus
What are the thyroid hormones and what do they do?
*Thyroxine (T4)
*Triiodothyronine (T3)
These two require iodine
The increase our metabolism
*Calcitonin
Regulate blood calcium by moving calcium into the bone
*Parathyroid (PTH)
Removes calcium ions from the bone into the blood
Reduces urinary excretion of calcium ions
Understand Negative feedback
This practically means the pathways regulate themselves
—Go back to lecture and listen again
The Thymus Gland
Where is it located?
What does it produce?
What does chemical identification mean in this sense?
It is posterior to the sternum
It produces Thymosin which causes lymphocytes to develop into T Cells that maintain and effective immune system
Chemical identification means the body knows what belongs to us internally and will attack everything else that isn’t us
“Self” from “Non self”
—When this doesn’t work properly we get autoimmune diseases where the body attacks itself
What are the two structural regions of the adrenal gland?
Adrenal cortex- slow response to stress
Adrenal medulla- fast response to stress
What are the hormones of the Adrenal Cortex and what do they do?
- Aldosterone- increases blood pressure by not letting salt leave the body. Keeps the salt in the kidney, causing salt to go up in the body
- Cortisol - targets the liver
Increase blood sugar
Increases appetite
Decreases immunity - Androgens- causes development of pubic hair and also influences sex drive
What are the hormones of the Adrenal Medulla and what do they do?
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine
*These are part of our sympathetic “fight or flight” response
*They cause an increase in glycogen
breakdown
*Cause an increase in muscular strength and endurance
What does the kidney release and what do they do?
1.Renin- (enzyme)
Increases blood pressure
2.Erythropoietin (EPO)- (hormone)
goes to the bone marrow and stimulates red blood cell production
What hormones does the heart produce and what do they do?
- Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Brain natriuretic peptide
These two hormones bring blood pressure down
What are the hormones of the Pancreas?
- Glucagon ( from Alpha cell)
Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to form glucose
“Raises blood glucose levels” - Insulin (from Beta cells)
Increases the rate of glucose absorption by body cells
“Lowers blood glucose levels”
What is the pineal gland part of?
What are the special secretory cells called and what do they do?
The Epithalamus
Pinealocytes
They make melatonin which plays a role in our circadian rhythm (sleep wake cycle)
What causes Gigantism?
Excess Growth Hormone
What causes Dwarfism?
Deficit in Growth hormone
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune which is caused by?
Type 2 diabetes is a lifestyle disease and makes the body
Insufficient secretion of Insulin
Insulin Resistant
What is Graves Disease?
How do they look
It’s the most common type of Hyperthyroidism where there is over secretion of Thyroid hormone(TH) which leads to weight loss, sweating, nervousness and rapid heart rate
We have adipose tissue around our eyes and these people burn fat so fast. It makes the eyes look like it’s popping out.
What is Myxedema?
Adult hypothyroidism
Antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue, which leads to low metabolic rate and weight gain
What is endemic goiter?
It is a thyroid gland disorder due to the lack of iodine in the diet
It’s a ‘hypo’ kind of disease
What is Cushing disease?
This is when there is overproduction of ACTH which leads to chronic high blood pressure, over eating, fluid buildup, low immune system
Adrenal Cortex disorder
It’s a ‘hyper’ kind of disease
What is Addisons Disease?
This is a hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex which leads to low blood sugar, low appetite, low blood blood pressure
This is when there is deficiency of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
Cortical injections normally help
