Chapter 2: The Cell Flashcards
What are Cells?
Cells are the structural “building blocks” of all plants and animals
Cells for all the structures of the body
The Cell consists of
Cytoplasm: *Cytosol *Organelles Plasmalemma: *Cell membrane
Organelles of the cell
Know this on the drawing of the cell
What are the non membranous organelles?
Cytoskeleton Microvilli Celia Flagella Ribosomes
Organelles of the cell
Know this on the drawing of the cell What are membranous organelles?
Mitochondria Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes
What is the Plasmalemma made of? What is the function of the plasmalemma?
- It is made of phospholipid bilayer(fat)
- Physical isolation (fats and water don’t mix)
- separate the fluid environment inside the cell [intracellular fluid or ICF] from the environment outside the cell [extracellular fluid or ECF] - cell to cell communication/Adhesion/structural support
- regulation of exchange with the environment [permeability]
What is Phagocytosis?
When the cell membrane engulfs an outside substance
ie)bacteria
What is microvilli?
- Finger-like projections on top of a cell
* They increase surface area at the top of the cell- helps with absorption
What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?
- It provides strength and structural support for the cell in its organelles
- it’s the building frame or skeleton of the cell
Cellular anatomy
Non-membranous organelles [more details]
RIBOSOMES
There are two kinds of ribosomes
-Free ribosomes: flow in the cytoplasm
-Fixed ribosomes: attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Both are involved in producing proteins
* “Assembly line” of the cell
Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
1.Mitochondria
- Mitochondria produce ATP by taking the oxygen from the air we breathe and taking a molecule from our food, use the oxygen to break apart the food molecule,release energy and make ATP
- Power plant of the cell
Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
2. Nucleus
1. Controls and regulates the activities of the cell
* Control center of the cell
Cellular anatomy Membranous organelles (more details) 3. Endoplasmic reticulum
There are two types
-rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)
With ribosomes and synthesize proteins
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)
Without ribosomes and synthesizes non-proteins: lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates
Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
4.Golgi apparatus
“Fed Ex”-The packaging and shipping center of the cell
Packaging of enzymes (proteins)
Renewal and modification of the plasmalemma
Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
5. Lysosomes
~Destroy ingested particles.
{“Wrecking crew of the cell”}
~ recycle damaged organelles
~ sometimes rupture, does killing the entire cell which is called “autolysis”
Cellular anatomy
Membranous organelles (more details)
6. Peroxisomes
~Toxic waste removal or “hazmat team”of the cell
~ Convert hydrogen peroxide water and oxidant (the body creates hydrogen peroxide)
~ Peroxisomes are abundant in the liver cells and consist of catalase
What is Intercellular attachment?
What are examples of intracellular attachment?
-When Many cells form permanent or temporary attachment to other cells
Examples are
- Gap junctions (or “communicating junctions”)
- Adhering junctions
- Tight junctions
- Anchoring junctions
Intercellular attachment
What are Gap(or communicating) junctions?
They are intercellular attachments that permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells
Intercellular attachment
Adhering junction
-What are tight(or occluding) junctions
A tight junction is formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasmalemmae.
They prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells
Intercellular attachment
What are Anchoring junctions
What are desmosomes?
- Anchor injunctions attach one cell to another
- Desmosomes a small, localized anchoring junction
- they are most abundant in superficial layers of the skin
Label the Organelles of a typical cell
Know:
Non-membranous: cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, flagella, ribosomes
Membranous: mitochondria, nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
