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Anatomomy And Physiology > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the testis exposed?

A

Temperature regulation

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2
Q

What would happen to sperm if they were kept at body temp?

A

Move different
No tails
Lots of tails
Lots of heads

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3
Q

What is the ideal temp for sperm?

A

35 degrees

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4
Q

What muscle maintains the temp in the testes?

A

Cremaster

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5
Q

What is the skeletal muscle under the dermis of the testes called?

A

Cremaster muscle

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6
Q

What muscle causes wrinkling or lack of wrinkling of the testes?

A

Dartos muscle

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7
Q

What wraps around the testicular artery?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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8
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus used for?

A

Acts as a a heat exchange mechanism

Cools down blood

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9
Q

What are the sections of the scrotum?

A

Skin
Dartos muscle
Superficial fascia

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10
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Membrane round the scroll cavity, reduces friction

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11
Q

What is the Tunica albginea?

A

Fibrous capsule

Septa testis partitions called lobules

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12
Q

Where are the seminiferous tubules found?

A

Within the lobules

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13
Q

On average how many seminiferous tubules are in one lobule?

A

1-4 slender coiled tubules

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14
Q

Where does sperm production occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

What do Myoid cells do?

A

Contract to help transport sperm

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16
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

Primary source of androgens and testosterone

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17
Q

What is a soroli cell?

A

Sustenticular cell or supporting cells

In the basement membrane of the lumin within the seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What junctions connect the adjacent Sertoli cells?

A

Tight junctions

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19
Q

What kind of junctions are used for the blood testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions

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20
Q

Why are tight junctions used for the blood testis barrier?

A

Sperm are considered foreign

Prevent a self immune response

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21
Q

What happens to each daughter cell with miotic devision?

A

Stem cell within seminiferous tubules produces daughter cells one stays a stem cell and the other enters meiosis

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22
Q

When there is only one member of each pairs of chromosomes that is called?

A

Haploid

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23
Q

Maternal and paternal chromosomes coming together. What is this called?

A

Synapsis

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24
Q

Matched set of 4 chromatids is called a…

A

Tetrad

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25
Q

What is spermatigonum?

A

Stem cells in the seminiferous tubules that devid to produce sperm

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26
Q

The process of spermatagonium and sperm production is called…

A

Spermatogenesis

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27
Q

a diploid spermatagonium turns into a…

A

primary spermatocyte

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28
Q

primary spermatocyte turns into a…

A

secondary spermatocyte

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29
Q

the secondary spermatocyte turns into a ___ which happens in meiosis 2 and sue to the number of chromosomes is classified as a ___

A

spermatid

haploid

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30
Q

the spermatid then turns into ___ (number) ___

A

4

sperm

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31
Q

what is the sections of the epididymis?

A

head: receives sperm from the efferent ductules
body
tail: number coils decreases re curves back to connect to the ductus deferens

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32
Q

what is the purpose of the ductus deferens?

A

they can store sperm up to 7 months within the ampulla and connects the from the tail of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

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33
Q

what makes 60 percent of the volume of semen?

A

fluid from the seminal gland

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34
Q

what happens to sperm when the seminal fluid is mixed?

A

the sperm that were previously inactive become active beating their flagella

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35
Q

what does the prostate encircle

A

the urethera

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36
Q

what is the percentage of secreations from the prostate that make up semen?

A

20-30 percent

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37
Q

What do prostatic secretions contain?

A

seminalplasmin

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38
Q

what does seminalplasmin do?

A

it helps reduce unitary tract infections

39
Q

how are the secreations from the prostate released?

A

by ejecting it through the prostatic urethera through peristaltic contractions of the prostate wall

40
Q

where are the bulbs-uretheral glands found?

A

at the base of the penis

41
Q

where does the ducts of the bulbo- uretheral gland go?

A

empties into the urethera

42
Q

what kind of fluid does the bulbo- uretheral glad produce?

A

thick alcoline mucus

43
Q

that is the alcoline mucus secreated byt the bulbo-erythema lol glad useful for?

A

the neuteralise any urinary acids in the urethera

and lubricates the top of the penis

44
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete for the gonads?

A

gonadatropin releasing hormone GnRH

45
Q

when GnRH is released what is the response/ secreated hormones from the pituitary gland? and which lobe secreates them?

A

follical stimulating hormone FSH

Lutinising hormone LH

46
Q

what does LH do?

A

targets interstitial endocrine cells within the testes

47
Q

what does FSH do?

A

it targets nurse cells within the seminiferous tubules

48
Q

within the doctrine cells of the testes from the secreated LH, what are the secreated hormones?

A

Testosterone

androgens

49
Q

when there’s is the presence of testosterone what does the FSH stimulation secreate? and what processes does it promote?

A

inhibin: due to the production of new sperm

the sense of testosterone from the FSH results in the process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

50
Q

what does inhibin do?

A

it is a hormone that decreases the production of sperm by relaying to the anterior pituitary to decrease the productions of FSH

51
Q

what do the overies do?

A

they produce oocytes

52
Q

what do the uterine tubules do?

A

delivers the oocyte to the uterus, this is the normal site of fertilisation

53
Q

what is the uterus?

A

site of embryonic feral development

54
Q

what is the vagina?

A

muscular tube leading to the cervix

55
Q

Secondary oocyte contains what?

A

most of original cytoplasm and 2-3 polar bodies

the polar bodies that later disintegrate

56
Q

what is the female stem cells called?

A

oogonia

57
Q

how far does the primary oocyte develop?

A

prophase of meiosis then halts

58
Q

what happens when there is a rising level of FSH?

A

start of the ovarian cycle

59
Q

what happens each month of the ovarian cycle within meiosis?

A

some of the primary oocytes are stimulated and undergo further development

60
Q

where are the primary oocytes located?

A

in the outer portion of the ovarian cortex near the tunica albuginea

61
Q

what makes the primordial follicle?

A

simple squamous layer of follicle cells

62
Q

what are the elemental changes of the grandulosa cell?

A

forms many layers of cells around the activated primary oocyte

63
Q

what is the zone around the the oocyte?

A

zona pellucida

64
Q

what happens when a tertiary follicle entirely matures?

A

usually only one is ready to be projected into the antrum

65
Q

at ovulation what is the name of the process it changes from and to?

A

follicular phase to luteal phase

66
Q

what happens to the tertiary follicle after ovulation?

A

formation of the corpus luteum
follical collapses
LH stimulation makes the remaining grandulosa cells to disperse

67
Q

what is secreated by the corpus luteum?

A

progesterone and estrogen

68
Q

what does progesterone do to the uterus?

A

it prepares it for maturation of the uterine lining

69
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertalisation?

A

after 12 days if there is no fertalization the corpus luteum become s bundle of scar tissue called the corpus albicans

70
Q

what are the protections form the uterine tube covering the overly called?

A

fimbriae

71
Q

what is the first section of the uterine tubule called?

A

infnudibulum

72
Q

what is the second section of the uterine tubule called?

A

the ampulla

73
Q

what is the third section of the uterine tubules called?

A

the isthmus

74
Q

what is the final part of the uterine tubules called?

A

the uterine part

75
Q

what are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

76
Q

what are the charicterisics of the perimetrium?

A

outer most layer

covers the thick muscular myometrium

77
Q

what are the charicterisitics of the myometrium?

A

thick muscular
smooth muscle tissue
provides force to move foetus out of the body during delivery

78
Q

what are the charicteristics of the endometrium?

A

inner lining consists of the glandular endometrium

it changes within the course of the monthly uterine cycle

79
Q

what kind of arteries are in the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus?

A

myometrium: arcuate arteries
endometrium: radial arteries

80
Q

where is the basal layer located?

A

next to the myometrium

the base layer of the endometrium

81
Q

what is different about the functional layer?

A

it is broken down and turns into the shedding of the lining of the uterus for the menstral cycle

82
Q

where are the stright arteries located? and what do they do?

A

from the myometrium into the basal layer

deliver blood to the basal layer

83
Q

where are the spiral arteries? and what do they do?

A

the functional layer

supplies blood to the functional layer

84
Q

what are the three phases of the uterine cycle (menstral)?

A

menstral phase
proliferation phase
secreatory phase

85
Q

what are the main factors that characterise the menstral phase?

A

shedding of the functional layer
caused by the constriction of the spiral arteries
this results in it rupturing
then is released

86
Q

what are the main factors that characterise the proliferation phase in the menstral cycle?

A

epithelial cells of the uterine glands multiply across endometrial surface
this restores the the uterine epethilium
when ovulation occurs the functional layer is many layer thick

87
Q

at the proliferative phase what are the glands producing?

A

glycogen rich mucus to support an embryo

88
Q

what are the charicteristics of the secretory phase within the menstral cycle?

A

uterine glands expand
exelerate their rate of secretion
due to the combined effect of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum

89
Q

when is the peak of secretion of FSH and LH?

A

during ovulation

90
Q

when does estrogen peak?

A

during ovulation

91
Q

when does the progesterone peak?

A

when the corpus luteum is formed

92
Q

what are the two peaks of inhibin?

A

ovulation

mature corpus luteum

93
Q

where is the second peak of estrogen?

A

corpus luteum formation

Anatomomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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