The Reproductive System Flashcards
Why are the testis exposed?
Temperature regulation
What would happen to sperm if they were kept at body temp?
Move different
No tails
Lots of tails
Lots of heads
What is the ideal temp for sperm?
35 degrees
What muscle maintains the temp in the testes?
Cremaster
What is the skeletal muscle under the dermis of the testes called?
Cremaster muscle
What muscle causes wrinkling or lack of wrinkling of the testes?
Dartos muscle
What wraps around the testicular artery?
Pampiniform plexus
What is the pampiniform plexus used for?
Acts as a a heat exchange mechanism
Cools down blood
What are the sections of the scrotum?
Skin
Dartos muscle
Superficial fascia
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Membrane round the scroll cavity, reduces friction
What is the Tunica albginea?
Fibrous capsule
Septa testis partitions called lobules
Where are the seminiferous tubules found?
Within the lobules
On average how many seminiferous tubules are in one lobule?
1-4 slender coiled tubules
Where does sperm production occur?
Seminiferous tubules
What do Myoid cells do?
Contract to help transport sperm
What are Leydig cells?
Primary source of androgens and testosterone
What is a soroli cell?
Sustenticular cell or supporting cells
In the basement membrane of the lumin within the seminiferous tubules
What junctions connect the adjacent Sertoli cells?
Tight junctions
What kind of junctions are used for the blood testis barrier?
Tight junctions
Why are tight junctions used for the blood testis barrier?
Sperm are considered foreign
Prevent a self immune response
What happens to each daughter cell with miotic devision?
Stem cell within seminiferous tubules produces daughter cells one stays a stem cell and the other enters meiosis
When there is only one member of each pairs of chromosomes that is called?
Haploid
Maternal and paternal chromosomes coming together. What is this called?
Synapsis
Matched set of 4 chromatids is called a…
Tetrad
What is spermatigonum?
Stem cells in the seminiferous tubules that devid to produce sperm
The process of spermatagonium and sperm production is called…
Spermatogenesis
a diploid spermatagonium turns into a…
primary spermatocyte
primary spermatocyte turns into a…
secondary spermatocyte
the secondary spermatocyte turns into a ___ which happens in meiosis 2 and sue to the number of chromosomes is classified as a ___
spermatid
haploid
the spermatid then turns into ___ (number) ___
4
sperm
what is the sections of the epididymis?
head: receives sperm from the efferent ductules
body
tail: number coils decreases re curves back to connect to the ductus deferens
what is the purpose of the ductus deferens?
they can store sperm up to 7 months within the ampulla and connects the from the tail of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
what makes 60 percent of the volume of semen?
fluid from the seminal gland
what happens to sperm when the seminal fluid is mixed?
the sperm that were previously inactive become active beating their flagella
what does the prostate encircle
the urethera
what is the percentage of secreations from the prostate that make up semen?
20-30 percent
What do prostatic secretions contain?
seminalplasmin
what does seminalplasmin do?
it helps reduce unitary tract infections
how are the secreations from the prostate released?
by ejecting it through the prostatic urethera through peristaltic contractions of the prostate wall
where are the bulbs-uretheral glands found?
at the base of the penis
where does the ducts of the bulbo- uretheral gland go?
empties into the urethera
what kind of fluid does the bulbo- uretheral glad produce?
thick alcoline mucus
that is the alcoline mucus secreated byt the bulbo-erythema lol glad useful for?
the neuteralise any urinary acids in the urethera
and lubricates the top of the penis
what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete for the gonads?
gonadatropin releasing hormone GnRH
when GnRH is released what is the response/ secreated hormones from the pituitary gland? and which lobe secreates them?
follical stimulating hormone FSH
Lutinising hormone LH
what does LH do?
targets interstitial endocrine cells within the testes
what does FSH do?
it targets nurse cells within the seminiferous tubules
within the doctrine cells of the testes from the secreated LH, what are the secreated hormones?
Testosterone
androgens
when there’s is the presence of testosterone what does the FSH stimulation secreate? and what processes does it promote?
inhibin: due to the production of new sperm
the sense of testosterone from the FSH results in the process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
what does inhibin do?
it is a hormone that decreases the production of sperm by relaying to the anterior pituitary to decrease the productions of FSH
what do the overies do?
they produce oocytes
what do the uterine tubules do?
delivers the oocyte to the uterus, this is the normal site of fertilisation
what is the uterus?
site of embryonic feral development
what is the vagina?
muscular tube leading to the cervix
Secondary oocyte contains what?
most of original cytoplasm and 2-3 polar bodies
the polar bodies that later disintegrate
what is the female stem cells called?
oogonia
how far does the primary oocyte develop?
prophase of meiosis then halts
what happens when there is a rising level of FSH?
start of the ovarian cycle
what happens each month of the ovarian cycle within meiosis?
some of the primary oocytes are stimulated and undergo further development
where are the primary oocytes located?
in the outer portion of the ovarian cortex near the tunica albuginea
what makes the primordial follicle?
simple squamous layer of follicle cells
what are the elemental changes of the grandulosa cell?
forms many layers of cells around the activated primary oocyte
what is the zone around the the oocyte?
zona pellucida
what happens when a tertiary follicle entirely matures?
usually only one is ready to be projected into the antrum
at ovulation what is the name of the process it changes from and to?
follicular phase to luteal phase
what happens to the tertiary follicle after ovulation?
formation of the corpus luteum
follical collapses
LH stimulation makes the remaining grandulosa cells to disperse
what is secreated by the corpus luteum?
progesterone and estrogen
what does progesterone do to the uterus?
it prepares it for maturation of the uterine lining
what happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertalisation?
after 12 days if there is no fertalization the corpus luteum become s bundle of scar tissue called the corpus albicans
what are the protections form the uterine tube covering the overly called?
fimbriae
what is the first section of the uterine tubule called?
infnudibulum
what is the second section of the uterine tubule called?
the ampulla
what is the third section of the uterine tubules called?
the isthmus
what is the final part of the uterine tubules called?
the uterine part
what are the three layers of the uterine wall?
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
what are the charicterisics of the perimetrium?
outer most layer
covers the thick muscular myometrium
what are the charicterisitics of the myometrium?
thick muscular
smooth muscle tissue
provides force to move foetus out of the body during delivery
what are the charicteristics of the endometrium?
inner lining consists of the glandular endometrium
it changes within the course of the monthly uterine cycle
what kind of arteries are in the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus?
myometrium: arcuate arteries
endometrium: radial arteries
where is the basal layer located?
next to the myometrium
the base layer of the endometrium
what is different about the functional layer?
it is broken down and turns into the shedding of the lining of the uterus for the menstral cycle
where are the stright arteries located? and what do they do?
from the myometrium into the basal layer
deliver blood to the basal layer
where are the spiral arteries? and what do they do?
the functional layer
supplies blood to the functional layer
what are the three phases of the uterine cycle (menstral)?
menstral phase
proliferation phase
secreatory phase
what are the main factors that characterise the menstral phase?
shedding of the functional layer
caused by the constriction of the spiral arteries
this results in it rupturing
then is released
what are the main factors that characterise the proliferation phase in the menstral cycle?
epithelial cells of the uterine glands multiply across endometrial surface
this restores the the uterine epethilium
when ovulation occurs the functional layer is many layer thick
at the proliferative phase what are the glands producing?
glycogen rich mucus to support an embryo
what are the charicteristics of the secretory phase within the menstral cycle?
uterine glands expand
exelerate their rate of secretion
due to the combined effect of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum
when is the peak of secretion of FSH and LH?
during ovulation
when does estrogen peak?
during ovulation
when does the progesterone peak?
when the corpus luteum is formed
what are the two peaks of inhibin?
ovulation
mature corpus luteum
where is the second peak of estrogen?
corpus luteum formation
