The Renaissance (The Renaissance)

Question 1

Give 3 general reasons why the location of city-states in Italy were so successful.

Answer 1

City-states were successful because……..

• they were near the coast making trade cheaper.
• They got to make their own government structure because of their location. (they were blocked by mountains.)
• Trade was also not affected by the winter weather because of their climate and area. They had a more milder weather than other European countries, thus attracting traders.

Question 2

Explain why the Italian City-States became so powerful and important to the rest of Europe.

Answer 2

The City-states in Europe were successful for multiple reasons.

• They had a good location, they were near the sea port and their climate was not bad (no winter) so they attracted many traders.
• They were organized differently in different government structures and were not influenced by Feudalism telling them what to do.
• Many of the city-states were independent and were not controlled by Monarchies.

Question 3

Why was Italy seen as Europe’s Gateway to the East? How did increased trade lead to the emergence of powerful city-states in Italy?

Answer 3

Italy had many sea routes because they were on the coast. Italy connected the western world to the eastern world through these routes.
Trade made them more wealthy, more art was sponsored attracting many other people. They’re wealth also contributed to their popularity.

Question 4

What are the four reasons for economic success in the Italian City-States? Explain them.

Answer 4

-Geography. Italy was near Africa and the eastern Mediterranean Sea where goods were traded. This attracted traders because transporting goods by sea was easier and cheaper.
-Climate. Italian climate was milder than the climate in the rest of Europe, so trade was not affected by bad weather.
-Leadership. Northern Italy was different from Europe because they had independent city-states that had their own governments, armies, and controlled their own affairs. The city-states of Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa grew into the wealthiest trading, business, and banking centers of Europe.
-Social Organization. Feudalism did not have an affect on Italy because they were blocked off from the rest of Europe so Italy had their own social classes and
government.

Question 5

Describe Venice.

Answer 5

Venice:
• It had a stable form of government.
• It was more successful in sea trade than any other city-state, in large part because it had built up a strong shipyard, naval base, and armory. The merchant class became very wealthy through trade with the East.
• The new merchant class supported the arts, so artists flocked to the city.
• Venice became the center of the European book trade. It was the first Italian city-state to use the mechanical printing press, invented in the mid-1400s, for commercial purposes. Books of all kinds were printed: Latin, Greek, and Hebrew texts for scholars; romances, novels, and elementary readers; musical scores; atlases and maps; illustrated anatomical and botanical texts.
• It also had a famous university that promoted the study of science, medicine, and law.

Question 6

Who was the Medici family? How were they so successful?

Answer 6

The Medici were wealthy bankers who sponsored the works of many Renaissance artists, artisans and sculptors. They were also successful because people supported them and they used their money for good.

Question 7

What ideas from classical times (Greek and Roman times) helped shape the Renaissance humanist worldview? Give specific examples from the section.

Answer 7

• art
• society
• history
• politics
• the classical concept of the belief in the dignity and potential of the individual
• in Italy ruins of the buildings from the ancient times were everywhere. When the humanists saw this, they thought if the ancient people could do it so could they. They began developing buildings.

Question 8

How can thinkers and philosophers bring about change in society?

Answer 8

Thinkers and Philosophers can change society because they ask questions about their own society and study about previous ones and their ways of life. When asking those questions they can change society because they can compare themselves with other societies and advance themselves. They may ask questions like, what is an easier way to transport water? This leads to more advanced inventions.

Question 9

What does the art of this time tell us about the Renaissance society?

Answer 9

Art this time can be compared to Renaissance art and society because artists got their ideas from Renaissance artists. Their creativity and imagination sparked modern day art as well because they used brighter co lours and blended them together and created new ideas that artists now, can base their own paintings off of. This shows us that people in Renaissance society were filled with new ideas and thoughts.

Question 10

In what ways can shifts in ideas affect a society’s worldview? Give specific examples linked them to specific worldview elements.

Answer 10

Shifts in ideas can affect worldviews such as religion. Religion has developed over the years but has not strayed from the main idea. Such as Protestantism, it was found by Martin Luther and fought for it to be a religion, for people to accept it as a religion. He fought for what he believed and without his efforts Protestantism would not be a thing. Martin Luther helped many lives because he was able to translate the Bible himself and he believed what he thought. This is an example of changing worldviews.

Question 11

Why was the term Renaissance used for this time? What does it mean?

Answer 11

The term Renaissance was used for this because Renaissance means rebirth and it was the rebirth of old ideas that had been buried over the years.

Question 12

What specific areas of the Greek and Roman civilizations did Renaissance humanists look at?

Answer 12

Renaissance humanists look at history, education and their beliefs on the mind and body of the Greek and Roman civilizations.

Question 13

What three intercultural contacts lead to the Humanist Worldview?

Answer 13

Greek, Roman and Islamic Cultures.

Question 14

What are the four main beliefs of the humanist about the individual?

Answer 14

1. Human beings can use the power of reason, that is, thinking to find truth for themselves.
2. It is important for a person to have an open, curious, and questioning mind.
3. People can achieve great things through learning.
4. Individuals should be skilled in many different areas. They should develop not just their minds but also their bodies and spirits.

Question 15

What do civic humanists believe is important?

Answer 15

Civic Humanists believed that to prove you were a responsible citizen you had to educate yourself about history and political issues and work to improve your society.

Question 16

What does the phrase “educating the whole child” mean?

Answer 16

This phrase means to educate not only the mind but also the body. Many humanists were dedicated teachers who believed in “educating the whole child”.

Question 17

What were some new studies that were added during the Renaissance? Why do you think these studies were added?

Answer 17

Greek and Roman writings, Physical training, ethics and morality (right behaviour), aesthetics (philosophy and beauty), manners and behaviour, history, and eloquence (persuasiveness)

Question 18

How was religion at this time different from the Middle Ages?

Answer 18

New religions were also surfacing and challenging people and new ideas for old religions were surfacing because people were actually allowed to read the bible and translate it for themselves using the knowledge they previously learned.

Question 19

How is Renaissance art different from Medieval Art?

Answer 19

• more realistic.
• brighter colors.
• contains a landscape.
• looks like it was captured in the moment.

Question 20

Explain how the eight worldview elements changed in the Middle Ages times to Renaissance times.

Answer 20

Belief; Church - Lost its power over the way they lived because people could question it and interrupt it the way they wanted to and they started thinking for themselves.

Time - Before they woke up with the sun and slept with the sun and worked all day. But during the Renaissance clocks were being made to determine time. there were also shop hours because of the rise in trade.

Geography - They were allowed to leave their manors because of the rise in Trade, Exploration and the Crusades.

Knowledge - ideas were passed down along the trade.

Economy - More equal now, more money, introduced middle class.

Society - Feudalism fell and a new class was introduced, the middle class (the merchants class)

Values - changed because people no longer valued church and they now valued new land and money.

Question 21

Write a paragraph discussing how that idea influenced the world we live in today. Give at least three reasons
Leadership was changed by the exchange of ideas because…
Science was changed by the exchange of ideas because…
Art was changed by the exchange of ideas because…
Religion was changed by the exchange of ideas because….

Answer 21

• Leadership was changed by the exchange of ideas because it changed leaders who were born into this time. Many leaders who were born into this time changed their own courts and castles into centers for learning. For example Isabella D’este court became a center for learning, music, and the visual arts. This was because she was born into this time. The exchange of ideas changed leaders because they began to think for themselves and the leaders themselves had changed. Leadership was also changed in the church now that people were able to interpret the bible for themselves. This also led to Protestant reformation, where protestants weren’t being treated fairly and people like Martin Luther wanted to change that. Leadership also changed with the exchange of ideas because people like Niccolo Machiavelli observed what was happening around them and made their own conclusions.
• Science was changed by the exchange of ideas because of Humanism. Humanism encouraged people to ask questions, experiment and observe this led to the creation of scientific method. The exchange of ideas also lead to the discoveries in astronomy by using previous ideas that weren’t accepted back in their day. The exchange in ideas also led to changes in mathematics and anatomy where doctors and scientists applied the scientific method and to make new discoveries about the human body and how it worked, for medicine they used traditional and herbal remedies.
• Art was changed by the exchange of ideas because people started creating bonds between mathematics and art. Mathematics bought perspective into the artistic world by using geometry. People started to think of new ideas on how to bring their paintings to life. They used brighter colors and Donatello created bronze shadows later used by other artists. Oil paintings were also being introduced by the Bellini family and other inventions and styles were also being created.
• Religion was changed by the exchange of ideas through trade routed and trade new religions were surfacing and being passed along example Buddhism. Church was also being corrupted at that time, people were also noticing this inappropriate behavior by church authorities. They were robbing people of the riches they paid for charity to the church. This corruption led to the Protestant reformation. When Martin Luther publicly announced his opinion and translation of the bible he went into hiding because people were trying to kill him. But when people started reading his book they agreed with him and broke up with the Catholic church and protested what they believed in.

Question 22

How can discoveries in the sciences shape people’s worldviews? Link your answers to specific worldview elements.

Answer 22

Discoveries in Science affected the worldview of religion. An example of this can be Nicolaus Copernicus who discovered that the world rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun. But his theory was
seen as heresy and it was hundreds of years after his death when people started to believe him.

Question 23

What roles do leaders play in changing or maintaining a worldview? Link your answers to specific worldview elements.

Answer 23

Leaders can play a crucial role in maintaining the worldview element of religion. Church led people for most of their life during the Medieval times and so when they said all your sins will be forgotten if you go on Crusades so people really did go on crusades. Same goes for changing worldviews they may change what your values are because they believe in a certain topic.

Question 24

How do ideas and knowledge spread? Give examples from this section.

Answer 24

One of the greatest influences was the printing press, it help spread the ideas of knowledge faster. Knowledge of the printing press traveled down the Silk Road. People published old writing which was not often correct but still published.

Question 25

How did the Renaissance lead to the growth and exchange of ideas across Europe? Give examples from this chapter.

Answer 25

The Renaissance uncovered old ideas by the classical civilizations which helped ideas grow. Trade and Exploration led to the growth of ideas and information was exchanged in multiple ways. For example the centers Prince Henry set up at Sagres where Cartographers, Mathematicians and others gathered to exchange their knowledge. It was also exchanged with the help of the printing press and Platonic Academy set up by the Medici family.

Question 26

Why was the scientific method important?

Answer 26

Humanism encouraged people to ask questions and experiment. This led to the discovery of the Scientific method which was created by Sir Francis Bacon. The scientific method led to the discovery of anatomy and discoveries in Mathematics, Medicine and science.

Question 27

What new developments in math came about during the Renaissance?

Answer 27

Geometry and perspective.

Question 28

How was religion changing at this time?

Answer 28

People could interpret the Bible and think for themselves what they believed in and point out what the church was doing wrong.

Question 29

What was a major criticism of the church?

Answer 29

When the church authorities abused their power to gain money from the people paying charity.

Question 30

Explain the Protestant Reformation.

Answer 30

Martin Luther was tired of how the church was abusing their power and he decided to call them out. He stated the wrong things different churches were doing in front of a crowd and he wrote a book about it. So the people who believed him broke connections with the Catholic church and made a new church named after Martin Luther. Luther’s ideas spread buy different people all across Europe and so they protested against the churches refusal to allow them to reform and eventually they were allowed to reach a reformation where they were allowed to be Protestants.

Question 31

Explain the Catholic Counter-Reformation

Answer 31

Because of the Protestant reformation the Catholic church lost its power and status and authority. The Pope at the time called a series of meetings at which the church examined its policies. This movement was known as the Catholic Counter reformation. As a result of this reformation the corruption among the higher authorities were cleaned and the priests were given a better education.

Question 32

How did information spread during this time?

Answer 32

• Printing press, since the books were cheaper people began to read them.
• The bible and classical manuscripts were translated and people started to read those.
• Thinkers made a lot of money from their books so they were able to travel and spread their ideas.
• Through trade and exploration people were able to learn new ideas.

Question 33

Explain the three effects of the printing press and more books on the Renaissance.

Answer 33

• Now that books were cheaper and more accessible, middle-class people began to read, discuss, and eventually write about the exciting ideas of their time.
• Instead of printing books only in Latin, more books, including translations of the Bible, were printed in the vernacular, that is, the language that ordinary people spoke. The success of Luther’s 1522 New Testament was based in part on existing demand for books and Bibles in German.
• Thinkers like Erasmus made money from the books they wrote. This gave them the freedom to travel to many cities and universities spreading their ideas.

Question 34

Increase trade and contact with the east lead to…

Answer 34

The Age of Exploration

Question 35

Increased trade within Europe lead to…

Answer 35

New ideas and knowledge

Question 36

Many changes in science occurred during the renaissance. Explain how these 4 sciences changed in the renaissance. Do not just list words but explain how the science changed. At least 2 examples per science.

• Astronomy
• Medicine
• Anatomy
• Mathematics

Answer 36

Astronomy - Up until the Renaissance people believed that the earth was flat, during the Renaissance scientists proved the earth was round. People also believed the sun and planets revolved around the earth. Then Nicolaus Copernicus used Got ideas from ancient Greek astronomers whose ideas were not accepted in their day and confirmed that the planets and earth revolve around the sun.

Question 37

Many changes in science occurred during the renaissance. Explain how these 4 sciences changed in the renaissance. Do not just list words but explain how the science changed. At least 2 examples per science.

• Astronomy
• Medicine
• Anatomy
• Mathematics

Answer 37

Medicine - Before the Renaissance little accurate knowledge was known for treating cures. Take the Black Death for example, people didn’t know what to do during that time. But during the Renaissance people learned that herbal remedies were an important cure for anything. This was introduced by First Nations. Surgery was also introduced during the Renaissance along with anatomy.

Question 38

Many changes in science occurred during the renaissance. Explain how these 4 sciences changed in the renaissance. Do not just list words but explain how the science changed. At least 2 examples per science.

• Astronomy
• Medicine
• Anatomy
• Mathematics

Answer 38

Anatomy - During the Renaissance to understand the human body better, dissection was introduced and accurate drawings of the human body and tissue from what they had observed. In schools, a professor would dissect a human body while his students watched.

Question 39

Many changes in science occurred during the renaissance. Explain how these 4 sciences changed in the renaissance. Do not just list words but explain how the science changed. At least 2 examples per science.

• Astronomy
• Medicine
• Anatomy
• Mathematics

Answer 39

Mathematics - Knowledge for mathematics grew in importance as trade rose, it became essential knowledge for the merchant class. mathematics were also an important part of the scientific method and art. Introducing perspective and three dimensional drawings from mathematics.

Question 40

Describe Florence

Answer 40

Florence:
-Merchants and traders prospered during the Renaissance in Florence, as trade increased, it became the center of highly successful bankers and silk and wool merchants.
-The wealthy bankers supported the pope in Rome; in return, he gave them the financial business of the papacy.
-Florence was the richest of the city-states and became so wealthy that it bought surrounding cities such as Lucca, Arezzo, and Livorno from their rulers. In this way, Florentines extended power and control over more and more of the region.
-Florence began as a republic, but did not last because of power struggles among various groups. By 1435,
one powerful family, the Medici, took control of the city. Under their leadership, Florence became the center of the Renaissance in Italy.
-People in the merchant class were called the popolo grasso (the fat people). They organized themselves into guilds, which represented what they did (ex; wool manufacturer, wool finisher.)
-Workers and shopkeepers were called popolo minuto (the little people). Most of the workers had been peasants who had moved to the city to work in the fabric industries. They were not allowed to be members of the guilds.
-The nobles, or upper class, still owned most of the land
and continued to live on estates outside the city.
-When the Medici family took over the city became an important Renaissance center.
-They supported artists, architects, and scholars developing a city rich in works of art, architectural marvels, and scholarly thought. Ideals of citizenship were promoted and those with wealth and power
believed they had a responsibility to carry out positive civic works.

Question 41

Describe Genoa

Answer 41

-Most of the trade between Italy and northern Europe crossed Genoa its location and the initiative of its citizens made Genoa one of medieval Europe’s major centers of trade and commerce.
-Genovese fleets transported the crusading armies
to ports in the Holy Land. In return for their services, the Genoans were paid well and granted important trading privileges among the Christian-controlled areas of the East.
-In 1261, the Genovese navy gained control of Constantinople, the largest city in Europe and, thus, the trade in the Black Sea.
-Wealthy families in Genoa saw this expansion and trade as an opportunity and founded a powerful bank, the Banco San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), to finance both the trade and the navy of Genoa.
-More ships allowed Genovese traders to expand to the Eastern Mediterranean and to increase trade with the
Arab Muslim world, bringing huge wealth to the city-state of Genoa.
-Genoa and Venice were rivals, fighting to gain control of lucrative trading posts throughout the Aegean Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Black Sea.
-The two city-states signed the Peace of Turin in 1381,
which allowed each city-state to maintain its current trading posts without interference from the other.
-In the 1300s, the families struggling for control agreed to a truce, each more or less controlling a section of the city.
-Because of the economic success of the city, the population increased to almost 100 000 by 1400.
-Genoa’s strength declined after 1463 when it lost Constantinople, the gateway to its trade in the Black Sea, in a battle to the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
-The Italian city-state of Milan, and later France, took
control of Genoa.
-the power of Genoa was not revived
until 1528 when Andrea Doria, a navy commander and statesman, became dictator. During his rule, Genoa experienced the Renaissance in art and architecture that had already occurred in other areas of Italy.

Question 42

Competition among the Italian city-states for power lead to…

Answer 42

War and fights for resources

Question 43

Changing business practices and a focus on wealth lead to…

Answer 43

Trade, exploration, contact, and imperialism/treatment of First Nations.

Question 44

What are some of the main ideas of Humanism? You should be able to list 4 or 5

Answer 44

• Human beings can use the power of reason, that is, thinking to find truth for themselves.
• It is important for a person to have an open, curious, and questioning mind.
• People can achieve great things through learning.
• Individuals should be skilled in many different areas. They should develop not just their minds but also their bodies and spirits.

Question 45

How did Humanist thinkers bring about change in Renaissance society?

Answer 45

due to their position they were able to introduce new ideas, values beliefs and morals. they were also able to spread their beliefs of the importance of the Human individual and were even able to gain control of the manuscripts of the social civilizations.

Question 46

What were Savonarola’s criticisms of the church and why do you think some church officials wanted to silence him?

Answer 46

His criticism was about the corruption of the church. He preached lectures of the corruption of the Pope. His continuous ranting of the Pope and his call for the establishment of the separate council led him to excommunication. By then the people of Florence was also tired of his lectures and he was tried for heresy and found guilty and was executed. I think church officials wanted to silence him because he made them look bad which could have caused them to be ignored and lose their authority.

Question 47

What impact did the printing press have on the spread of ideas?

Answer 47

• Books allowed an exchange of ideas in Europe on a scale never known before.
• Now that books were cheaper people read more
• After they read more they wrote about their exciting ideas.
• Books were printed in the vernacular language and more accessible for the public to read.
• The money that writers made from books allowed them to travel and spread their ideas.