The Reign of Henry VIII after 1529 Flashcards
1532-34 parliament passed laws to abolish papal power in England ( 3 things)
Act of Restraint of Appeals (1533) - prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome to stop divorce. Act of Supremacy (1534) - confirmed Henry as Head of the Church in England. But no major change to religous belief or doctrine
Religious developments 1536-39 (for and against)
1)Period saw attacks on Catholic practices: Act of Ten Articles (1536) rejected four of seven sacraments of Catholic belief. Royal injunctions (1536) attacked pilgrimages. Royal Injunctions (1538) ordered English Bible in parishes and ordered removal of relics. 2)Evidence for Catholic practices being preserved: John Lambert executed for denying transubstantiation (1538) and Six Articles (1539) confirmed transubstantiation
Religious developments (1539-43)
Henry influential in directing policy after Cromwell’s fall - Six articles and marriage to Catherine Howard
Religious developments 1543 -47
Few changes - by Henry’s death majority of population still Catholic
Condition of monasteries
1535 - Valor Ecclesiaticus - inspectors sent to look at conditions of monasteries - showed to be in poor condition - closer under Act of Dissolution. Second Act promised passing wealth used for social benefits - colleges - MPs voted for it.
Motives for dissolution (3 things)
Religious motives - reports - behaviour of monks poor but exaggerated. Upheld traditional religious practices that Cromwell was against. 2) Financial motives - important as spent all money and at risk of Catholic invasion - needed fortifications built along south coast. 3) Sell of opponents
Pilgrimage of Grace
Against dissolution of monasteries and religious changes in 1536. Raised 40,000 men and took York. Demands also included: complaints about rent and entry fines, enclosures and poor harvest. Crushed in 1537 by royal army.
Rise of Thomas Cromwell ( 3 things)
Able to manufacture break with Rome and give Henry divorce. Secured Royal supremacy. Made king supreme in realm and brought wealth through dissolution of monasteries.
Reasons for Thomas Cromwell fall ( 3 things)
1) Religion. Charged with heresy - opponents argued trying to implement Protestant England due to reformit beliefs. 2) Foreign situation. England isolated after France and Hasburgs made peace. Fear of Catholic crusade after exocommunication in 1538. Alliance made with Germany - cemented with marriage of Anne of Cleves - failure - marriage unnecessary anyway as France and Hasburgs at war again. 3) Factions. Catholic faction able to entice Henry into marrying Norfolk’s niece Catherine. Henry infatuated by her and more likely to believe stories of Cromwell.
Catherine Howard and faction
Henry’ marriage of Catherine suggested influenced by faction.
Attacks on Thomas Cramner
Catholic faction wanted him arrested as a heretic. Henry warned Cramner of plot and let him investigate charges - charges dropped - showed Henry in control. Same time could of stopped plot at the start and not let Cramner be charged.
Arrests on Catherine Parr
Catholic faction attacked Queen due to reformist sympathies. Henry allowed accusers to confront her but abused them when came to arrest her suggesting Henry to be in control.
Fall of Gardiner and Norfolk
Factions inbalanced as Gardiner and Norfolk arrested - suggests Henry lost control by end of reign.
Henry’s foreign policy costs 1540s
Cost 2 million - ten years income - led to debasement
FP aims over Scotland 1540s
War with Scotland 1542 due to protecting rebels and being loyal to France after break with Rome. Defeat Scots at Solway Moss Nov 1542. Led to Treaty of Greenwich - proposed marriage of Edward to Mary but rejected by Scots. Scot and France alliance closer as Mary married French dauphin.
