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Christianity and Islam in Early Modern Europe > The Reformation > Flashcards

The Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

Problems with Church

A

pluralism
absenteeism
simony

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2
Q

Protestants’ central idea

A

salvation nothing to do with good works

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3
Q

Melanchthon, Commentary on Romans, 1516

A

New concept of sin

Sin = result of the passions, in contrast to medieval notions that sin was disordered will (passion a good thing)

You will always be sinful because nobody can be freed from passions

Justice is imputed

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4
Q

‘As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs’

A

Attributed to John Tetzel

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5
Q

Issue of Basilica of St Peter’s expensive rebuilding

A

95 Theses. Enraged Luther

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6
Q

Diet of Worms

A

1521

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7
Q

Turks conquer Hungary

A

1526

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8
Q

Luther returned to restrain extremists such as

A

Carlstadt and Münzer

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9
Q

Lutherans of the North adopted the

A

Articles of Schwabach

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10
Q

South German cities’ principles in the

A

Confessio Tetarpolitana, written by Bucer 1530 as a compromise between Zwingli and Luther

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11
Q

Justification by faith alone
Bible = only rule of faith
Papacy = anti-Christ

Importance of predestination

A

Calvin, Insitutes of the Christian Religion, 1536

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12
Q

Discipline and organisation of Calvinism

A

The Consistory - teacher-pastor-elder-(deacon)

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13
Q

Concordat 1516

A

Francis I abandoned the Galician church in return for rights to appointments

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14
Q

St Ignatius of Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises, 1522-4

A

Designed to strip mind of all distractions and force it to think about the ultimate issues

Catholic church should be obeyed without question
Praise Saints’ relics, indulgences, etc

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15
Q

Protestant/ Catholic balance of power up in the air because

A

Charles V and Francis’s rivalry prevented a council

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16
Q

Charles V’s abdication

A

1555

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17
Q

Council of Trent, 1545-63

A

Provided rally for the Catholic forces of dogma and discipline and bear on abuses of Church mentioned at beginning

Originally proclaimed purpose of reuniting Christendom against Islam

Period one, 1545-7:
Ruled against Luther’s justification by faith alone
Effectively abolished plurality of bishoprics

Period three, 1562-3:
Enacted reform decrees on clerical morals and the establishment of seminaries
Defined that Christ = entirely present in both the consecrated bread and wine of the Eucharist

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18
Q

Reforms of the Council of Trent rejected by

A

French courts

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19
Q

Parish people must be catechised according the

A

The Council of Trent

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20
Q

Luther, On War Against the Turk, 1529

A

Christian first needs to mend own ways

Failures in war so far because Pope condemns my articles

Disgusted that neither great Lords nor scholars at pains to give us any certain knowledge about life of Turks, spiritually or temporally

I have some of Koran - must translate into German so everyone can see what a ‘foul and shameful’ book it is

Islam rules with arms, as does Pope

Pope = antichrist
Turk = devil

Islam = polygamous

It is said, indeed, that the Turks are, among themselves, faithful and friendly. But Devil hides behind works of light

If emp were to destroy unbelievers must start with Pope, bishops, clergy

Jesus’s coming not far off

Charles V should do what he can do

Fighting Turk not like fighting King of France. Turk = different kind of warrior, with money and people in abundance

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21
Q

All Italy must be turned upside down
Church must be renewed
Chaotic state of religion
Too many priests

A

Savonarola, ‘On the Renovation of the Church’, 1495

22
Q

Colet, Convocation Sermon, 1512

A

Criticises clergy’s way of life
eagerness/ hunger after honour/ dignity
lust for flesh

23
Q

Contarini’s Conversion Experience, 1511

A

Christ’s passion is completely sufficient for giving satisfaction for past sins

24
Q

Loyola, Letter to Father Peter Canisius on Opposing Heresy, 1554

A

Preach, teach in schools, scatter pamphlets
Bad example and ignorance of Catholics, especially clergy, has allowed this to spread
Society should - increase Jesuit colleges and schools and produce stimulating pamphlets

25
Q

Reluctant to expel Jews - contribute lots of money and royals had lots of Jewish friends in court

A

Letters of Ferdinand and Isabella

26
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648

This is when modern world of separation of church and state begins to emerge

27
Q

Rome endured for many centuries due to will of true God

A

Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 4

28
Q

Romans of ancient times = virtuous, and God rewarded that virtue, even though they didn’t worship him

A

Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 6

29
Q

Doctrine of the 2 cities, one earthly one heavenly
faith inseparable from success/ prosperity
human history = predestined

A

Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 11

30
Q

Tradition of mirror of princes from now on

A

13th Century

31
Q

Most influential piece of advice for princes from tradition of mirror of princes

Spiritual and temporal go together
spiritual given priority over temporal in moral questions

A

Thomas Aquinas, De Regimine Principum, 1267

32
Q

Doctrine of cuius regio eius religio

A

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

33
Q

1st paragraph, description of hero - born of a place in La Mancha. Author doesn’t want to ‘call to mind’

Name was Quixada, Quesada, Quexana

Doesn’t matter to tale - ‘it will be enough not to stray a hair’s breadth from the truth in the telling of it’

A

Cervantes Don Quixote, 2 vols 1605, 1615

34
Q

‘I am a Christian woman’

‘I was born of that race, unhappy and unwise, upon which a sea of misfortune has recently poured down’

Crossed to Spain by boat despite Moriscos having been expelled

A

Ana Félix in Cervantes, Don Quixote

35
Q

Must intervene to stop spread of Protestantism with the inquisition

A

Letter from Charles V in retirement in a monastery to Phillip’s regent, Joanna, 1557

36
Q

Burnings of Protestants in Spain

A

1557, 1559

37
Q

1st attempt to convert Muslims by force

A

1499

38
Q

After 2nd Revolt of the Alpujarras

A

Phillip II tried scattering Moriscos

39
Q

Race not category because

A

Medicine based on humorism

If changed composition of humors would end up looking the same

40
Q

Very worried about eating what Indians would eat - were afraid would lose beards, lose weight, go brown

Thought that if they gave these people European food would eventually end up looking like Spaniards

A

Letters of people with Columbus

41
Q

Miguel de Cervantes, Dialogue of the Dogs, 1613

A

The things I could tell you of these Morisco gangsters…
It’s a miracle if you find one among them who really believes in sacred Christian law

They just want to pile up and hoard money, and to get it they work almost without eating
They’ve been amassing Spain’s biggest fortune

Just think of their numbers

They don’t know the meaning of chastity

Scipio - our republic has wise guardians who understand that Spain is breeding and sheltering all these Morisco vipers and will, with divine help, grant us sure, swift and certain relief

42
Q

Sancho talks to Morisco, who tells him how everyone in Germany free - grassroots perception of Moriscos like everyone else

A

Cervantes, Don Quixote

43
Q

Villanueva

A

Claims Cervantes criticises official policy of Morisco expulsion.

44
Q

Viceroy moved to tender compassion, hearing Félix’s love Don Gregorio in most extreme danger, hiding among women dressed as woman in North Africa

People allow Ana Félix to go free despite arriving with Turks who kill Christian soldiers, and plan rescue of Don Gaspar Gregorio

A

Cervantes, Don Quixote, Vol 2

45
Q

Spanish inquisition founded

A

1478

46
Q

Story of holy child of La Guardia

A

coven of Jews and conversos murdered Christian child, child Jesus. Crucified, insulted, heart cut out and elevated like the host

47
Q

Succession to throne of Portugal of Spanish monarchs

A

1580-1640

48
Q

Relief of Vienna

A

1683

49
Q

Tridentine decrees

A

Sermons must be preached at mass on Sundays
Major feasts complemented by reminder of the bishop’s obligation to provide preaching of the faith in his Cathedral and the parishes of his diocese

50
Q

Franciscans in Goa

A

1517

51
Q

Creation of bishopric in Goa

A

1534

52
Q

Arrival of Jesuit Francis Xavier in Goa

A

1547

Christianity and Islam in Early Modern Europe (11 decks)

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