The Reformation Flashcards
Problems with Church
pluralism
absenteeism
simony
Protestants’ central idea
salvation nothing to do with good works
Melanchthon, Commentary on Romans, 1516
New concept of sin
Sin = result of the passions, in contrast to medieval notions that sin was disordered will (passion a good thing)
You will always be sinful because nobody can be freed from passions
Justice is imputed
‘As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs’
Attributed to John Tetzel
Issue of Basilica of St Peter’s expensive rebuilding
95 Theses. Enraged Luther
Diet of Worms
1521
Turks conquer Hungary
1526
Luther returned to restrain extremists such as
Carlstadt and Münzer
Lutherans of the North adopted the
Articles of Schwabach
South German cities’ principles in the
Confessio Tetarpolitana, written by Bucer 1530 as a compromise between Zwingli and Luther
Justification by faith alone
Bible = only rule of faith
Papacy = anti-Christ
Importance of predestination
Calvin, Insitutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
Discipline and organisation of Calvinism
The Consistory - teacher-pastor-elder-(deacon)
Concordat 1516
Francis I abandoned the Galician church in return for rights to appointments
St Ignatius of Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises, 1522-4
Designed to strip mind of all distractions and force it to think about the ultimate issues
Catholic church should be obeyed without question
Praise Saints’ relics, indulgences, etc
Protestant/ Catholic balance of power up in the air because
Charles V and Francis’s rivalry prevented a council
Charles V’s abdication
1555
Council of Trent, 1545-63
Provided rally for the Catholic forces of dogma and discipline and bear on abuses of Church mentioned at beginning
Originally proclaimed purpose of reuniting Christendom against Islam
Period one, 1545-7:
Ruled against Luther’s justification by faith alone
Effectively abolished plurality of bishoprics
Period three, 1562-3:
Enacted reform decrees on clerical morals and the establishment of seminaries
Defined that Christ = entirely present in both the consecrated bread and wine of the Eucharist
Reforms of the Council of Trent rejected by
French courts
Parish people must be catechised according the
The Council of Trent
Luther, On War Against the Turk, 1529
Christian first needs to mend own ways
Failures in war so far because Pope condemns my articles
Disgusted that neither great Lords nor scholars at pains to give us any certain knowledge about life of Turks, spiritually or temporally
I have some of Koran - must translate into German so everyone can see what a ‘foul and shameful’ book it is
Islam rules with arms, as does Pope
Pope = antichrist Turk = devil
Islam = polygamous
It is said, indeed, that the Turks are, among themselves, faithful and friendly. But Devil hides behind works of light
If emp were to destroy unbelievers must start with Pope, bishops, clergy
Jesus’s coming not far off
Charles V should do what he can do
Fighting Turk not like fighting King of France. Turk = different kind of warrior, with money and people in abundance
All Italy must be turned upside down
Church must be renewed
Chaotic state of religion
Too many priests
Savonarola, ‘On the Renovation of the Church’, 1495
Colet, Convocation Sermon, 1512
Criticises clergy’s way of life
eagerness/ hunger after honour/ dignity
lust for flesh
Contarini’s Conversion Experience, 1511
Christ’s passion is completely sufficient for giving satisfaction for past sins
Loyola, Letter to Father Peter Canisius on Opposing Heresy, 1554
Preach, teach in schools, scatter pamphlets
Bad example and ignorance of Catholics, especially clergy, has allowed this to spread
Society should - increase Jesuit colleges and schools and produce stimulating pamphlets
Reluctant to expel Jews - contribute lots of money and royals had lots of Jewish friends in court
Letters of Ferdinand and Isabella
Treaty of Westphalia
1648
This is when modern world of separation of church and state begins to emerge
Rome endured for many centuries due to will of true God
Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 4
Romans of ancient times = virtuous, and God rewarded that virtue, even though they didn’t worship him
Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 6
Doctrine of the 2 cities, one earthly one heavenly
faith inseparable from success/ prosperity
human history = predestined
Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 11
Tradition of mirror of princes from now on
13th Century
Most influential piece of advice for princes from tradition of mirror of princes
Spiritual and temporal go together
spiritual given priority over temporal in moral questions
Thomas Aquinas, De Regimine Principum, 1267
Doctrine of cuius regio eius religio
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
1st paragraph, description of hero - born of a place in La Mancha. Author doesn’t want to ‘call to mind’
Name was Quixada, Quesada, Quexana
Doesn’t matter to tale - ‘it will be enough not to stray a hair’s breadth from the truth in the telling of it’
Cervantes Don Quixote, 2 vols 1605, 1615
‘I am a Christian woman’
‘I was born of that race, unhappy and unwise, upon which a sea of misfortune has recently poured down’
Crossed to Spain by boat despite Moriscos having been expelled
Ana Félix in Cervantes, Don Quixote
Must intervene to stop spread of Protestantism with the inquisition
Letter from Charles V in retirement in a monastery to Phillip’s regent, Joanna, 1557
Burnings of Protestants in Spain
1557, 1559
1st attempt to convert Muslims by force
1499
After 2nd Revolt of the Alpujarras
Phillip II tried scattering Moriscos
Race not category because
Medicine based on humorism
If changed composition of humors would end up looking the same
Very worried about eating what Indians would eat - were afraid would lose beards, lose weight, go brown
Thought that if they gave these people European food would eventually end up looking like Spaniards
Letters of people with Columbus
Miguel de Cervantes, Dialogue of the Dogs, 1613
The things I could tell you of these Morisco gangsters…
It’s a miracle if you find one among them who really believes in sacred Christian law
They just want to pile up and hoard money, and to get it they work almost without eating
They’ve been amassing Spain’s biggest fortune
Just think of their numbers
They don’t know the meaning of chastity
Scipio - our republic has wise guardians who understand that Spain is breeding and sheltering all these Morisco vipers and will, with divine help, grant us sure, swift and certain relief
Sancho talks to Morisco, who tells him how everyone in Germany free - grassroots perception of Moriscos like everyone else
Cervantes, Don Quixote
Villanueva
Claims Cervantes criticises official policy of Morisco expulsion.
Viceroy moved to tender compassion, hearing Félix’s love Don Gregorio in most extreme danger, hiding among women dressed as woman in North Africa
People allow Ana Félix to go free despite arriving with Turks who kill Christian soldiers, and plan rescue of Don Gaspar Gregorio
Cervantes, Don Quixote, Vol 2
Spanish inquisition founded
1478
Story of holy child of La Guardia
coven of Jews and conversos murdered Christian child, child Jesus. Crucified, insulted, heart cut out and elevated like the host
Succession to throne of Portugal of Spanish monarchs
1580-1640
Relief of Vienna
1683
Tridentine decrees
Sermons must be preached at mass on Sundays
Major feasts complemented by reminder of the bishop’s obligation to provide preaching of the faith in his Cathedral and the parishes of his diocese
Franciscans in Goa
1517
Creation of bishopric in Goa
1534
Arrival of Jesuit Francis Xavier in Goa
1547
