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Christianity and Islam in Early Modern Europe > The New World > Flashcards

The New World Flashcards

1
Q

‘Therefore go and make disciples of all nations’

A

Matthew 28:19

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2
Q

‘Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature’

A

Mark 16:15

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3
Q

Constantine converted to Christianity

A

312

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4
Q

One God was proclaimed to all mankind - one universal power, the Roman power, emerged and flourished
Knowledge of salvation and doctrine of Christ made known to all mankind

A

Eusebius of Caesarea - Oration in praise of Constantine

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5
Q

When Charlemagne went North of the Elme

A

converted the pagans simply by baptising them. No focus on teaching. Would be integrated through partaking in ordinary life

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6
Q

Who could doubt that this flash of understanding was the work of the Holy Spirit as well as my own?

Our Lord wished to bring about a most evident miracle out of my voyage to the Indies

A

Book of Prophecies, ed. Columbus, 1502, after 1st four voyages, to Ferdinand and Isabella

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7
Q

‘I am the good shepherd and I know my own… I must also bring them in’

A

Columbus, quoting John 10:14-16

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8
Q

Cortés desperate to convince Aztec Emperor to join forces

A

1521

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9
Q

beginning of Inca history fixed at time of arrival of one of descendants of Noah

A

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala,

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10
Q

great bearded sage who had left big cross in Bolivia

A

indigenous sources

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11
Q

Around America

A

lots of pre-Hispanic crosses scattered

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12
Q

Description of whole conquest

Paints own role in bright lights

Placing arguments in solid tradition

Notion of one world. These Indians are Christians who’ve forgotten their religion

Makes sense of his idea of replacing idols with Christian images

As soon as Christian message presented, Indians would correct their ways

Refers to temples occasionally as mosques, as this was what he was expecting to see in Asia

A

Cortés, conqueror of Mexico, to Charles V
2nd of 5 or 6 letters

Most missionaries kept citing this letter - don’t destroy temples because you’ll put them off

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13
Q

‘Grace does not destroy nature but perfects it.’

A

T Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 1274 (unfinished)

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14
Q

Accepted fundamental concordance of divine and human

Gave Thomistic conception its full realisation in New World

Wrote of one Indian -
‘it seemed to me that I saw in him our father Adam when he enjoyed the state of innocence’

Desire behind idolatry = good thing

Defended Aztec human sacrifices as expression of excessive religious zeal

Taínos observed natural religion in most basic form so could be easily converted to Christian faith

A

Las Casas, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552

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15
Q

Reasons for negative view of American natives middle of 16th C

A

Shock of betrayal, once friars had seen Indians not really converted

Effects of Reformation - good missionaries staying in Europe - clever missionaries of 1st 50 years dwindle

As state grew in importance, more important to justify conquest and good way to do this = to highlight perversity of native cultures

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16
Q

Intellectual crisis in medieval thought

A

existence to essence

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17
Q

Much more objective, scientific than initial attitudes and accounts

Impatient with literature of the friars, supernatural. Only when he’s describing natural things, however.
When describing religious things, speaks about supernatural, starts speaking about things being work of the devil

A

Jose de Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 1590

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18
Q

Began to justify conquest of New World in instrumental terms

We’re here because we’re superior

A

Fernandez de Oviedo, la historia general y natural de las Indias 1526

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19
Q

Francisco Lopez de Gómara

A

‘There was never a people more idolatrous than this one, so given over to the killing and the eating of their fellow human beings’

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20
Q

18th Century, essence-focus

Deterministic attitude to New World

Everything in New World inferior. Justifies our presence

A

Le Clerc, Comte de Buffon

Guillaume-Thomas Raynal

William Robertson

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21
Q

Law of Siete Partidas

A

Castilian medieval code of law which incorporated a load of Islamic law
In absence of immediate authortiy, town can elect a leader who is under monarch’s authority

Cortés founded city of Vera Cruz. To get council and people elected to the council, to get them to elect him captain of the expedition, used the law of Siete Partidas

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22
Q

Instruction

A

development of emphasis on instruction is what we see in Mexico. Cortés doesn’t instruct, he just gets Indians to practice

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23
Q

Understands mission as being to go to India and determine what method should be undertaken for the people’s conversion

Ferdinand and Isabella described specifically as ‘enemies of the sect of Muhammad and of all idolatries and heresies’

A

Columbus, letter to Ferdinand and Isabella

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24
Q

12th Century philosophers and theologians argued that anyone who applied reason…

A

Could only conclude that Christianity correct

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25
Q

Cicero, de Legibus

A

mankind is the only one among so many kinds and varieties of living beings who has a share in reason and thought

26
Q

13th Century on, Dominican and Franciscan friars…

A

Launched vigorous and planned campaigns at conversion aimed at Jews and Muslims in Christian and non-Christian lands like North Africa

27
Q

Number of books written by Raymund Lull

A

Over 300, but converted nobody

28
Q

Invitations to learn more about Christian faith carried in

A

Letters conveyed by Columbus to the Great Khan (unaware Mongol Yüan dynasty had been overthrown by Ming emperors 1368)

29
Q

1st lines of Columbus’s logbook

A

Columbus says mission = to see how natives of the Orient could be converted

Asserted that Khans had many times sent to Rome to request teachers of the holy faith, but Holy Father hadn’t provided them with this

(these lines probably added to flatter monarchs on Columb’s return)

30
Q

No friars aboard until Columbus’s second voyage in

A

1493

31
Q

Evd Columbus seeking resources

A

noticing cotton widely grown on islands he’d discovered:

I think it would sell well over here… to the large cities of the Khan

32
Q

García, Chronicle of King John II of Castile of 1417

A

Told of capture of Canaries by Spanish Muslims under great general al-Mansur

33
Q

Founded evangelical academy at Miramar

Didn’t last, but sowed seeds for missionary movement among Franciscans, w whom he had cordial ties

A

Raymund Lull

34
Q

Spiritual descendants of Raymund Lull

A

Catalan and Majorcan missionaries who were being commended to the Pope by King of Aragon 70 years after Raymund’s death

35
Q

Method of Catalan and Majorcan missionaries

A

Insert Christian missionaries into native societies and, using gentle example and persistent preaching, to draw the unenlightened into the faith

36
Q

Wanted new lands for himself, for crusading Order of Christ.

Seen as part of wider assault on Islam

A

Henry ‘the Navigator’ of Portugal, 1394-1460

37
Q

Painé’s task

A

to study in detail the language and beliefs of the natives of Hispaniola, to provide basis for missionary programme
Drawing on tradition of Raymund Lull, developed with Muslims and Jews in mind
Catalan speciality

Difference - lack of books in oral culture
Hugely different conception of the world

38
Q

Pané attempts to fit Taíno conception of the world to familiar structure

A

They believe in a creator God, in heaven, immortal, no one can see, has a mother, but no beginning. Call him ‘Giver of Cassava, Master of the Sea, Conceived without Male Intervention’

39
Q

Painé wanted to show

A

that the Taínos were aware of existence of a single creator God - ‘natural religion’ lay at the root of beliefs
Switched soon to scorn for superstitions

40
Q

Just as the Moors, they have their laws gathered in ancient songs, by which they govern themselves, as do the Moors by their scripture

A

Pané, of Taínos, in An account of the antiquities of the Indians, 1498

41
Q

Gulf between Taíno beliefs and Christian ones

A

e.g. Ts believed that dead walked around the world of the living with no navels. No rigid life/ afterlife distinction

42
Q

Columbus, logbook, of Taíno Indians

A

‘these people have no religion, nor are they idolatrous, rather they are very gentle, without knowing what evil is… they are believers, and recognise that there is a God in heaven’

43
Q

Columbus used this native ally to defeat Indian caciques without difficulty

A

Guacanagarí

44
Q

In Trinidad, Columbus saw

A

islanders wearing turbans similar to almaizores - head-covering of Spanish Muslims

45
Q

Suppression of Judaism and Islam in Portugal

A

1497

46
Q

Required to be read publicly to those who were about to have lands brought under Spanish rule

God gave St Peter the world. Thus, he and his successors had the right to judge and govern all Christians, Moors and Jews

One of Peter’s heirs made donation of these isles and the mainland to Spanish Kings and Queens

If those hearing document in doubt, could ask to see written proof

Native peoples told could have time to understand but also warned of ‘malicious delay’

Natives must accept Pope and Spanish rulers and must accept right of Christian preachers to spread the faith among them

If they do these things, they, their families and land will be left alone, free

A

Doctrine of Submission, 1513

‘The Requirement’

47
Q

Roots of ‘the Requirement’

A

Seed has traced them back to Islamic practices in times of war

Koran 2:256, no compulsion in religion

Averroës, passage had to be sent to enemy, requiring to submit

48
Q

Continuing role of the caciques as heads of their communities resembled

A

self-government permitted by Muslims to Jews and Christians, allowing them to administer their own laws

Comparable practice enshrined in many ‘surrender treaties’ which allowed Moors to submit to Christian rule on what both sides agreed were honourable terms

49
Q

Indians had to move to special villages close to Spanish settlements in the New World just as

A

Muslim and Jewish communities had to live in defined areas

50
Q

Cortés, of the Tenochtitlán cotton market

A

‘it seems like the silk market of Granada’

51
Q

Basic framework for governing New World natives’ societies created as a result of

A

the discovery of less complex, village-based societies 1st encountered in the Canaries, Bahamas, Caribbean, Brazil

Encomienda system imposed despite these huge differences

52
Q

Encomienda

A

Encomienda, in colonial Spanish America, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the Indian population in its American colonies. It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista (“Reconquest”) of Muslim Spain. Although the original intent of the encomienda was to reduce the abuses of forced labour (repartimiento) employed shortly after the discovery of the New World, in practice it became a form of enslavement.

As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda (from encomendar, “to entrust”) consisted of a grant by the crown to a conquistador, soldier, official, or others of a specified number of Indians living in a particular area. The receiver of the grant, the encomendero, could exact tribute from the Indians in gold, in kind, or in labour and was required to protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith. The encomienda did not include a grant of land, but in practice the encomenderos gained control of the Indians’ lands and failed to fulfil their obligations to the Indian population. The crown’s attempts to end the severe abuses of the system with the Laws of Burgos (1512–13) and the New Law of the Indies (1542) failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, a revised form of the repartimiento system was revived after 1550.

The encomienda was designed to meet the needs of the colonies’ early mining economy. With the catastrophic decline in the Indian population and the replacement of mining activities by agriculture, the system lost its effectiveness and was gradually replaced by the hacienda system of landed estates. The encomienda was not officially abolished, however, until the late 18th century.

53
Q

Henry the Navigator is actuated by zeal for God - wish to convert people to Christianity and fight moors

No mention of gold, ivory, slaves as motives

A

Eanes, Crónica dos feitos da Guiné, of Henry the Navigator

54
Q

Caravel used for exploration e.g. by Columbus

A

adapted from arab qârib

55
Q

Papal bull January 1455 to Alfonso V of Portugal

A

confirmed to the Crown of Portugal dominion over all lands south of Cape Bojador in Africa. Along with encouraging the seizure of the lands of Saracen Turks and non-Christians, endorsed the enslavement of such peoples.

56
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

1494

57
Q

America clearly marked as an administrative province, ‘vilayet Antilia’

A

On Ottoman map of ‘Colon-bo’, 1513

58
Q

Crushing of first revolt of the Alpujarras

A

1501

59
Q

After crushing of first revolt of the Alpujarras

A

Muslims of Granada converted or expelled

60
Q

All Muslims in Castile forced to convert or be expelled

A

1502

61
Q

Charles V forced all Muslims of Aragon to convert or be expelled, prompting revolt of Muslims of Valencia

A

1525

Christianity and Islam in Early Modern Europe (11 decks)

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