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Christianity and Islam in Early Modern Europe > Medieval perceptions evd > Flashcards

Medieval perceptions evd Flashcards

1
Q

Impact of crusades (Southern)

A

Made Christians aware that Islam was the most far-reaching problem in Medieval Christendom

Made religion and founder of Islam familiar concept in West for 1st time

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2
Q

Only one mention of name Muhammad in Medieval literature outside Spain and Southern Italy before this date

A

1100

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3
Q

Info about Muhammad Western writers inherited from Byzantines

A

Concerned Muhammad’s marriage to a rich widow, his fits, plan of general sexual license as instrument for destruction of Christendom

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4
Q

Early Western source with info on Muhammad, by Embrico of Mainz

A

Vita Mahumeti, poem of 1142 Based on oral testimony

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5
Q

Early Western source with info on Muhammad, by Guibert of Nogent

A

Gesta Dei per Francos, account of the 1st Crusade, completed by 1112 Based on oral testimony

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6
Q

Vision of Muhammad from early Western sources

A

Destroyed Church of Africa and East by magic and cunning

Success through authorising promiscuity

Details such as role of white bull which terrorised the population and finally carried the new law between its horns, or account of suspension of Muhammad’s tomb in mid-air by magnets, belong to folklore

Other elements such as Muhammad’s destruction by pigs during one of his fits, are from details of Byzantine tradition

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7
Q

Song of Roland (oldest manuscript 1125)

A

Defeat of a rearguard of Charlemagne’s army, under Roland’s command, in the Pyrenean pass of Roncesvalles in year 778 at hands of local Basque tribesmen

Reworked, enemy became Muslims of Spain

Treachery - Roland hero

Muslims incorrectly identified as ‘pagans’

Pagans untrustworthy, treacherous, cruel

Saracens idolaters 3 Gods - Tervegan, Muhammad, Apollo

Barons knew ‘pagan’ enemies were doughty fighters

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8
Q

Prester John… has entered Persia with a powerful army; has defeated the Sultan of Persia

fear of these events has caused the Sultan of Aleppo to switch from prepping to attack Christian army at Damietta to going to fight Prester John

A

Papal letter to Archbishop of Trier, March 1221

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9
Q

Pope Urban II preaches first crusade

A

1095

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10
Q

Orders given to Byzantine soldiers regarding Koran

A

gather up and burn it

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11
Q

States there was a mosque for the Saracens in Constantinople

A

Handbook of Constantine Porphyrogenicos

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12
Q

Mother’s disappointment at Digenes’ father, an Emir, for having abandoned her and his faith. Emir simply decides to return home - clearly doesn’t see religious barrier and his perceived betrayal as insurmountable barriers to a healthy filial relationship

One religion true and the other false - Digenes’ father had to convert to Christianity to marry his mother

A

Digenes Akrites (twice born border soldier), poem from around 1100

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13
Q

Bacon, Opus Majus, sent to Pope in 1267

A

‘there are few Christians’

Nobody to show unbelievers the truth

Aims of Christianity wrong - perverted by desire for domination

Wars unsuccessful

Even if had been a success would’ve been useless - too much territory and capture of people would’ve enraged them, making them impossible to convert

Preaching = the only way Christendom can be enlarged

Lack of equipment - nobody knows the languages

Philosophy only means to convert - must adopt this from unbelievers, Greeks and Arabs

Islam not negative role. Part of upward movement towards unity and articulateness

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14
Q

Mood of reports of travellers in East during 20 years after 1268

A

Optimism

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15
Q

Battle of Manzikert

A

1071 Allowed Seljuks to penetrate Asia Minor

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16
Q

Describes arrival of Western Christian knights in Constantinople

Thought was another barbarian invasion

A

Anna Comnene

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17
Q

1st Crusade successful

A

1099

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18
Q

Sultan reconquers Jerusalem

A

1187

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19
Q

3rd Crusade fails to win Jerusalem back

A

1190-2

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20
Q

4th Crusade sets up Latin domination in Constantinople till 1261

A

1202-4

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21
Q

5th Crusade

A

1218-21

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22
Q

7th Crusade (Louis IX’s crusade)

A

1248-50

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23
Q

Fall of Antioch

A

1268

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24
Q

Fall of Acre

A

1291

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25
Q

In camp after capture of Damietta, every night Saracens used to sneak in and kill the sleeping

A

Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 1309

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26
Q

St Louis of France could relate to Muslims on equal footing - couldn’t have happened before

A

Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 1309

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27
Q

Columbus and Prester John

A

Logbook: Sent people to look for Prester John on his arrival in South America

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28
Q

Origins of Prester John rumours

A

1145 bishop from Outremer’s visit to Pope

brought with him rumours from Armenian Christians in states at Cilicia and Commagene writing about the Mongols

Possible basis in fact - Seljuk ruler of Persia defeated in 1141 by Qara-Khitai Chinese kingdom

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29
Q

Pope Alexander III sent embassy to look for Prester John - never returned

A

1171

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30
Q

William of Rubruck sent on mission to find Prester John and enlist support in Christian crusade by Louis IX

A

1253-5

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31
Q

Describes social and religious customs such as felt doll over head of master of the table at celebrations called ‘the brother of the master’

A

William of Rubruck, account of his travels

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32
Q

Debate at Karakorum

A

30th May 1254

William of Rubruck faced by reps from Nestorian Christians, Buddists, Muslims, in debate

Joined forces to defeat Buddhists

Muslims close to Christianity - potential allies, intellectually if not militarily

Bacon read this accound then 1267 Opus Majus

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33
Q

Archaeological evidence of Mongol synchretism

A

Rock inscription near Karakorum, Turkey - high literary quality. Testifies to wide range of cultural and religious influences - Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism

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34
Q

Official courses instituted in Arabic at top unis such as Paris

A

1311-2 Council of Vienna

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35
Q

Thomas Gascoigne, 1450

A

Muslims don’t convert because of splits in Christianity and evil lives and ill faith

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36
Q

Conciliarist, Professor at Cologne, influenced by Raymond Lull, who was from Majorca

A

Nicholas of Cusa (1400-64)

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37
Q

1st translation of the Koran, for purposes of refutation of Islam’s intellectual content

Minimal glosses: Koran claims David 1st to fashion chain male, but holy scripture records Goliath was clad in mail

A

On orders of Abbot of Cluny Peter the Venerable in 1143

Translated by Robert of Ketton and Herman of Carinthia

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38
Q

New idea Islam could be learned from

A

Segovia and Cusa Suddenly aware of sheer scale of unbelievers

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39
Q

Islam close to dissolution

Similarity of Nestorians, Jacobites, Maronites, Georgians to Catholics - possibility of uniting

A

William of Tripoli, Dominican at Acre 1273, Tractatus de Statu Saracenorum

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40
Q

In every place and kingdom, except in Egypt and in Arabia… you will always find 30+ Christians for one Saracen

A

1283, Burchard of Mount Syon, German traveller, Dominican in Palestine 1274-84

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41
Q

Leader of Mongol embassy attended mass at St Peter’s, in Pope’s presence

A

1287

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42
Q

Fall of Acre - turning point

A

1291

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43
Q

It is much to be feared lest the Tartars receive the Law of Mahomet, for if they do this… the whole of Christendom will be in great danger

A

Raymund Lull, upon hearing of the fall of Acre

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44
Q

Raymund Lull, De Fine, 1305

A

Advocates learning of Oriental languages, both for peaceful proselytising and for use on Crusade, and proposes new crusading order, unifying all, with warrior king - only he shall be granted the Church’s tenth

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45
Q

John of Segovia to Nicholas of Cusa, 2 December 1454

A

Use of peace to wipe out Islam

Conversion by war doesn’t work

Benefits from public discussion on part of Christians in presence of the more important and wise Saracens

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46
Q

Cardinal Bessarion - instructions to crusade preachers, August 1463

A

Anybody trying to impede preachers will suffer ecclesiastical censures and legal remedies

Preachers can pick others and force them to preach

Preachers will exhort people to personally take the field against enemies of the cross if they can, or if they can’t they should send substitutes

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47
Q

Noticed Mongols turned to Islam much more readily than Christianity

Attributed this to the simplicity and flexibility of Islam

Nestorians no better than Muslims on the doctrine of the Incarnation

Attacks Muslim doctrine as lax, confused, irrational - no mention of closeness to Christianity

A

Ricoldo de Montecroce, in Baghdad 1291 Contra Legem Sarracenorum, c. 1300

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48
Q

Quotes Koran, but doesn’t mention Muhammad or Muslims without insulting epithets - pigs, beasts, etcetera

A

Semeonis, Irish Franciscan who travelled to Palestine 1323

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49
Q

Hopes of reuniting Eastern and Western Christendom

A

Rabban Bar Sauma, Syrian monk from China, visited Rome in 1287 to speak of reunification plans and possible Franco-Mongol alliance - sent by Arghun Khan. Visited Rome, Paris, hardly noticed.

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50
Q

John Wycliffe, De Civili Dominio, 1375

A

Weak in practical knowledge. No sign he knew any 13th Century travellers’ accounts of Islam

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51
Q

Explanation of Christianity

Receive friars kindly, furnish with safe conduct

Shocked you are laying waste to many lands indiscriminately

You have aroused anger of God

You will be punished if neglect to humble yourself

A

Bulls of Pope Innocent IV addressed to Emperor of the Tartars, March 1245

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52
Q

Sent to Tartars with Pope’s message in 1245. His narrative contains within it correspondence between Pope and Khan

A

Benedict the Pole

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53
Q

Come in person with your Princes to serve us

God has slain lands and peoples because neither adhered to the command of God nor the Khan

How do you know whom God absolves?

All lands have been made subject to me - who could do this contrary to the command of God?

A

Guyuk Khan’s Letter to Pope Innocent IV, 1246

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54
Q

Basing themselves in the tradition of the military orders. Assumption violence can’t possibly be ruled out

A

Lull, Bessarion

55
Q

Cluniac reform

A

Late 11th Century. Soul more important so spiritual more important than temporal power

56
Q

Close to reunification with Orthodox church

A

Council of Florence 1431

57
Q

Asked emperor in Constantinople to send him 12 000 craftsmen to work on the Mosque of Damascus

A

Caliph al-Walid

58
Q

Cultural exchanges between Christendom and Islam

A

Sandal to Islam

Abacus and paper to Christendom

59
Q

Pirenne thesis

A

By taking over the Mediterranean and excluding others from participation in economic life the Muslims drove Western Christendom back upon itself

Denied access to the urbanised economy of the south, a Western European culture typified by the Kingdom of the Franks took shape which was ‘underdeveloped’, rural and feudal

60
Q

Pirenne’s thesis turned upside down in Northern Europe

A

Pull of Islamic demands for goods, exchanged for dinars and dirhams. Thousands and thousands of such coins have been found deposited in Russian and Scandinavian coin hoards - numismatic evidence

Most marked urban growth took place at centres to which Scandanavian traders resorted and in which they settled: Rouen, Lincoln, York

61
Q

10th/ 11th Cs - commercial interaction

A

Amalfi and Venice significant channels for inflow of goods from Islamic world

62
Q

Founding of Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt

A

969

63
Q

Fall of Tripoli

A

1289

64
Q

Norman conquest of Sicily

A

1060

65
Q

Norman conquest of Malta

A

1091

66
Q

Conquest of Lisbon

A

1147

67
Q

1050-1300

A

period of permanent hostility between Christianity and Islam However, necessity of diplomacy

68
Q

Sang of crusaders ‘cleansing lands of enemies of Christendom’

A

Marcabrun, Christian troubadour, 1150

69
Q

15 yrs prisoner of war in Aleppo. Learned language of his captors. Adopted much of the manner of life of the Arab world. Did nothing to make him more sympathetic to Muslim neighbours. Attacked Mecca pilgrims. Executed by Saladin for what would today be deemed war crimes

A

Reynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch

70
Q

Ambroise, The Crusade of Richard Lion-Heart, 1196

A

Bernard, spy, born in Syria. Returned from Babylon, had been spying on the enemy. Spoke Saracen language perfectly

71
Q

Negotiating following capture of King Louis and other crusading leaders at battle of Mansourah spring 1250 Saracen addressed Louis in fluent French. Said he had been a Christian.

Louis didn’t want to speak to him anymore

Saracen believed he would go to hell and that Christianity was the best religion, but preferred to live here rich and at ease

Much good Christian advice, but all to little effect

A

Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 1309

72
Q

Gesta Francorum c. 1100-1101

A

Author conceded that ‘you could not find stronger or braver or more skilful solders’ than the Turks

73
Q

Quoted Saladin’s maxims with approval, such as ‘you should never kill a man once you had shared bread and salt with him’

A

Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 1309

74
Q

King Richard became so noted for his daring exploits while overseas that when any horse belonging to a Saracen shied at a bush its master would say to it, ‘D’you think that’s King Richard of England?’

A

Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 1309

75
Q

Arabs distanced as unpalatable other - ‘No man ever grasps a plough-handle nor cultivates a tree… they rove continually… without fixed abodes or laws’

A

Ammanius Marcellinus, Roman historian of the 4th Century

76
Q

Arabs distanced as unpalatable other - ‘No man ever grasps a plough-handle nor cultivates a tree… they rove continually… without fixed abodes or laws’

A

Ammanius Marcellinus, Roman historian of the 4th Century

77
Q

King Richard became so noted for his daring exploits while overseas that when any horse belonging to a Saracen shied at a bush its master would say to it, ‘D’you think that’s King Richard of England?’

A

Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 1309

78
Q

Bede, Venerabilis Bedae Opera Historica, 720

A

‘they oppress the whole of Africa with their domination and, odious and hostile to all, they control the greater part of Asia’

79
Q

Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 731

A

‘the very terrible plague of Saracens’

80
Q

John of Damascus, Dialogue between a Saracen and a Christian, 8th Century

A

Muslim puts awkward questions to Christian on the nature of Christ, creation, free will, etcetera Christian parries questions so skilfully that Saracen went away, bewildered, nothing more to say

81
Q

John of Damascus, On Heresies, 745

A

John 1st explained the biblical derivation of the Ishmaelites, then went on the castigate Muhammad as a false prophet who dribbled part of his teaching from the Old and New Testaments, and also from sayings of a heretic Christian monk

Wrote down ‘some ridiculous compositions in this book of his’

82
Q

Regarded Christian community of his own day as dissemblers

‘they hide their faith, and they divulge to them [Muslims] what suits them’

A

Abū Qurrah, Palestinian monk, 750-825. Intellectual heir of John of Damascus

83
Q

Covering letters from Patriarch of Constantinople, Nicholas Mystics

Letter sent as part of negotiation to free prisoners of war

A

Abbasid Caliph addressed as ‘the best of my friends’

84
Q

Encyclopedia of philosophy organised under headings of Logic, Physics, Mathematics, Metaphysics - drawing extensively from Aristotle, Plato and Neoplatonists

A

Avicenna, Kitah ash-shira, 1027

85
Q

Standard medical textbook for centuries, drew on works of Galen

A

Ibn Sina, al-Quanun (Canon of medicine), 1025

86
Q

When the Venetians come to Pavia they are required to render annually to the master of the treasury a pound each of pepper, cinnamon, galingale and ginger

A

11th Century memorandum

87
Q

Franks = enemies, ‘God confound them!’

However, worthy

In truce could be friends with Franks

Several casual references in Usamah’s memoirs to hunting and hawking expeditions, with Frankish friends

Bond with Frankish aristocracy

Work stands alone so uncertain how far we can generalise from it

A

Memoirs of Usamah ibn Munqidh, late 12th C, Emir of Shaizar in northern Syria

88
Q

Gives a vivid and keenly interested account of his encounter with a fossil fish in Saida

A

Jean de Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 1309

89
Q

Italian merchants seizing opportunities of Outremer

A

Year before capture of Jerusalem, Italians extracted from new Norman prince of Antioch a warehouse in that city, 30 dwellings and a church, free of rents and taxes

90
Q

Commercial Arabic terms in modern European languages

A

e.g. several terms for ‘customs’ in Romance languages derive from Arabic, such as adnana, dogana, douane

91
Q

Changes to treatment of Christians under Abbasids

A

More open Islamic society closed off spheres of influence previously available

92
Q

Potential for harshness constrained by need

A

Muslims of rural Outremer encouraged to stay and work the land Discrimination, restrictions on clothing

93
Q

Courtly patronage encouraged intermingling of cultures

A

Normans of Sicily - cathedral of Monreale, completed 1189

94
Q

Deported most of the remaining Muslim population from Sicily to Southern Italian mainland, where assimilated

A

Emperor Frederick II, 1223, in the wake of prolonged revolt

95
Q

Obligation to emigrate from lands of unbelief

A

emphasised by Averroës

96
Q

Status of Muslims in Christian Spain

A
  • Mudejars generally lowly economic status, brick-layers etc 2nd class citizens
  • no role in municipal administration
  • Lower monetary penalties for crimes against them
  • Muslims required to fall to knees when Host carried through streets in public procession
  • Spanish municipal regulations requiring different days for Christians, Muslims and Jews in town baths
97
Q

Entire population of Minorca enslaved upon its conquest on this date

A

1287

98
Q

‘the moor is simply a dog’

A

King Sancho IV of Castile (1284-95)

99
Q

Daroca, Aragon, 1311

A

Rumoured Christian girl named Prima Garsón having affair with Muslim neighbour named ‘Ali

Prima fled

‘Ali burned at the stake

Prima tracked down, med exam revealed she was a virgin so the pair innocent

100
Q

Limits on inter-faith sexual relations in Christian Spain

A

Christian male and Muslim female - male disapproved of but woman punished

law decreed death penalty but unusually commuted to enslavement 4 condemned woman, only way of escape was by conversion to Chrstianity

101
Q

Monks of Roda, 1356

A

Sleeping with Muslim women then shopping them to the authorities for illicit sex so that they were enslaved, then under privilege from the crown keeping them either for further gratification or sale

102
Q

Islamic opinion supported Christian laws on sexual restrictions

A

1347, Mudejars of Valencia petitioned the king to confirm the death penalty without option of monetary compensation for Muslim women found guilty of sexual intercourse with non-Muslims

103
Q

‘whether men or women, they shall not sleep with nor marry infidel’

A

Ysa Yabir of Segovia in 15th C book of instruction for Spanish Muslims

104
Q

Marriage of Christian men to formerly Muslim women

A

One of Alfonso VI of Castile’s wives was princess Zaida, widow of governor of Córdoba, whose father was most powerful among rulers of the taifa states - Emir al-Mu’tamid of Seville

105
Q

Dawn of recognition of religious pluralism

A

William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris 1228-49 Chose words for Judaism and Islam e.g. Saracenism to highlight religious culture was different

106
Q

Squadron of three dozen ships provided by Venetians, Pope Clement VI and Hospitallers of Rhodes

captured important harbour of Smyrna, held till 1402

A

1344

107
Q

Led by Kind Sigismund of Hungary. Defeated by the Turks

A

1396

108
Q

Ottomans took Egypt, Western Arabia and Syria from Mamluk rule

A

1517

109
Q

devshirme

A

gathering

110
Q

Merinids of Morocco crossed Straits and joined forces with Granada to mount invasion of Castile

A

1340 Defeated at battle of Rio Salado

111
Q

Castilian capture of Algeciras

A

1344

112
Q

Union of Peninsula monarchies

A

1474

113
Q

War with Granada waged with earnest

A

1482

114
Q

Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy

A

father captured at Nicopolis. Proclaimed desire to crusade against the Turks all his life

115
Q

Pope Pius II died 1464 at Ancona

A

leading in person what he hoped would be a crusade to recover Constantinople

116
Q

Christian self-indulgence in food and drink and clothing made them soft

Muslims austere so strong

Christians divided, Muslims unified

Muslim = critic in the poem

A

Honorat Bouvet, Provençal monk

117
Q

Est of Dominican friars

A

1220

118
Q

Ramón de Peñafort, 1240

A

resigned generalship of Dominican order to devote himself to missions to Muslims

Founded schools for study of Arabic and missionary training biographer claimed 10 000 converts

119
Q

Great schism

A

1378-1417

120
Q

1st archbishop of reconquered Granada

A

Hernado de Talavera. Pupil of John of Segovia, who tried to put his ideas into practice

121
Q

2 days after conquest of Constantinople

A

Muhammed II granted privilege to Genovese confirming status as protected subjects of the sultan

Geonese quarter continued to be across the Golden Horn in Galata

122
Q

Number of Christian towns in 1500 with printing presses

A

over 100 Venice alone had 150

123
Q

Muslims forbidden by Sultan to learn science of printing - capital offence

A

1515

124
Q

Ibn Khaldun, Book of Lessons, 1377

A

Habitat has effects upon culture of people who lived in it

Observations confined to the Dar-al-Islam

Side note - heard rumours that philosophy and sciences flourishing in Christian Europe, ‘but God knows… what goes on in those parts’

125
Q

16th C Western Christendom engagement with Islam

A

European collectors of Arabic manuscripts

Chairs in Arabic founded at European unis

126
Q

Taste for Oriental fashions

A

F+I chose to dress for reconquest of Granada 1492 in Moorish costume

Henry IV of Castile, Isabelle’s half brother and predecessor, had also dressed like this

Moorish clothes and cosmetics high chic for Spanish nobility, as well as Moorish falconry, architecture

127
Q

rumours that emir of Granada and Mamluk Sultan of Egypt plotting to poison wells of France and Spain, using Jews and Lepers as their network of agents

A

1321

128
Q

Christian and Muslim blacksmiths of Segovia formed guild named after St Eligus, the patron saint of metalworkers

A

1484

129
Q

Pope John XXII, 1326, concerning Spain

A

We have thought it worthy to concede those indulgences which in similar cases were accustomed to be given by the Holy See to those going to the aid of the Holy land

130
Q

1099 after fall of Jerusalem

A

many campaign survivors threw away arms and armour and returned to Europe carrying only palm fronds they had collected as evidence of completed pilgrimage

131
Q

Spanish shouldn’t join 1st crusade. Analogy between reconquest of peninsula and Palestine

A

Pope Urban II Successor Pashal II forbade Spaniards go to holy land

132
Q

1123, bishops at 1st Lateran Council

A

found it possible to refer to those that took the cross either for Jerusalem of for Iberian peninsula as though both = of the same kind

133
Q

1125, archbishop of Compostela

A

Just as the knights of Christ… opened the way to Jerusalem… so we should become knights of Christ and, after defeating his wicked enemies the Muslims, open the way to the Lord’s sepulchre through Spain

Christianity and Islam in Early Modern Europe (11 decks)

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