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Ophthalmology > The Red Eye > Flashcards

The Red Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the infection in orbital cellulitis tend to spread from?

A

ethmoidal or frontal sinuses

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2
Q

What does an itchy eye indicate?

A

allergy

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3
Q

What infection typicallu affects contact lens wearers?

A

acanthomoeba

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4
Q

What drugs can cause dry eye?

A

oral anti-histamines; antipsychotics; beta blockers

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5
Q

What is redness at the limbus called?

A

ciliary flush

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6
Q

What does ciliary flush indicate?

A

inflammation of the cornea or iris

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7
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

inflamed eyelids

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of anterior blepharitis?

A

seborrhoeic (squamous) and staphylococcal

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9
Q

Where is the redness in anterior blepharitis?

A

lid margin

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10
Q

Where is the redness in posterior blepharitis?

A

deeper part of the lid

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11
Q

What causes of posterior blepharitis?

A

meibomian gland dysfunction

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12
Q

What is staphylocccal blepharitis?

A

infection involving the lash follicle

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of blepharitis?

A

gritty eyes; foreign body sensation; mild discharge

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14
Q

What other conditions is blepharitis associated with?

A

conjunctivitis; keratitis; episcleritis

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15
Q

What are the signs of seborrheic blepharitis?

A

lid margin red; scales and dandruff

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16
Q

What are the signs of staphylococcal blepharitis?

A

lid margin red; lashes distorted, loss of lashes and ingrowing lashes- trichiasis; styes corneal staining and marginal ulcers

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17
Q

what causes the corneal staining and marginal ulcers in anterior blepharitis?

A

exotoxin

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18
Q

What is the fucntion of the meibomian gland?

A

produces lipid serum

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19
Q

What are the signs of posterior blepharitis?

A

MG openings pouting and swollen; dried secretion at gland openings; meibomian cysts; redness deeper part of lid

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20
Q

What condition is posterior blepharitis associated with?

A

acne rosacea

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21
Q

What is the treatment for blepharitis?

A

lid hygiene- daily bathing/warm compresses; supplementary tear drops; doxycycline for 2-3 months

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22
Q

What is a stye?

A

an acute abscess of eye lash follicle

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23
Q

What are the infective causes of conjunctivits?

A

viral; bacterial and chlamydial

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24
Q

What are the other non-infective causes of conjunctivits?

A

allergic; chemical/drugs; skin disease-eczema

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25
Q

What is the pattern of red eye in conjunctivits?

A

diffuse, more towards fornices (gutter at bottom)

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

red eye; rofeign body sensation-gritty eye; discharge; chemosis; papillae/follicles

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27
Q

What type of discharge do you get with viral conjunctivitis?

A

watery

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28
Q

what type of discharge do you get with bacterial conjunctivits?

A

sticky

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29
Q

What type of discharge do you get with allergic conjunctivits?

A

stringy

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30
Q

Is vision affected in conjunctivitis?

A

no, vision is not affected, if it is-not conjunctiviits

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31
Q

What is the difference between folllicles and papillae?

A

follicles are bigger and like grains of rice, papillae have a central red spot

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32
Q

What can cause pre-auricular glands?

A

viral and chlamydial

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33
Q

what are follicles associated with?

A

viral conjunctivitis (and chlamydia)

34
Q

What are papillae associated with?

A

bacterial conjunctiviits

35
Q

What usually precedes viral conjunctivitis?

A

URTI

36
Q

What is chemosis?

A

oedema of the conjunctiva

37
Q

What is the disease progression of acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

self limiting- 14 days

38
Q

What organisms typically cause bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

staph. aureus; s. pneumoniae; H. influenzae

39
Q

What viruses cause conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus; herpes simplex; herpes zoster

40
Q

What is herpes simplex conjunctivitis?

A

child with primary infection

41
Q

What is V1 shingles called?

A

herpes zoster ophthalmicus

42
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cornea?

A

epithelium; stroma; endothelium

43
Q

What is Hutchison’s sign?

A

when the tip of the nose is affected by herpes zoster infection

44
Q

What causes central corneal ulcers?

A

infective

45
Q

What causes peripheral corneal?

A

autoimmune conditions

46
Q

What is the most common cause of central corneal ulcer in non-contact lens wearers?

A

viral (herpetic)

47
Q

What is the most common cause of cnetral corneal ulcer in contact lens wearers?

A

bacterial

48
Q

Who gets acanthamoeba central ulcers?

A

contact lens wearers

49
Q

Why do herpetic ulcers not cause pain?

A

infect the nerves

50
Q

What causes marginal ulcers?

A

hypersensitivity

51
Q

What is the pain like in corneal ulcers?

A

needle like severe pain

52
Q

What are the symptoms of corneal ulcers?

A

pain; photophobia; profuse lacrimation; circumcorneal redness; abnormal corneal refelx; corneal opacity; hypopyon

53
Q

What causes hypopyon in a corneal ulcer?

A

reactive accumulation of WBCs in anterior chamber

54
Q

Where do autoimmune ulcers form?

A

at the limbus

55
Q

What happens in an autoimmune corneal ulcer?

A

immune complexes at peripheral cornea release enzymes and can melt cornea

56
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial corneal ulcer?

A

ofloxacin hourly

57
Q

What is the treatment for herpetic corneal ulcer?

A

aciclovir

58
Q

what is the treatment for AI corneal uclers?

A

steroids

59
Q

What AI disease typically causes of anterior uveitis?

A

ankylosing spondylitis

60
Q

What are the main causes of infective anterior uveitis?

A

herpes simpelx and zoster

61
Q

What sinister condiition can cause anterior uvieitis?

A

leukaemia

62
Q

Where can anterior uveitis pain be referred?

A

to brow

63
Q

What type of pain is seen with anterior uveitis?

A

dull ache

64
Q

What is synechiae?

A

small or irregular pupil

65
Q

What are the signs of anterior uveitis?

A

pain; photophobia; decreased acuity; lacrimation (no sticky discharge); cirumcorneal redness; hypopyon

66
Q

What causes synechiae?

A

initially iris spasm; later may be irrefular or filate irregularly due to adhnesions between lens and iris

67
Q

What are the complications of anterior uveitis?

A

disruption flow of aqueous–glaucoma +/- adhesions bewteen iris and lens

68
Q

What can be seen in the anterior chamber?

A

white cells- keratic precipitates (inflam cells on corneal endothelium)

69
Q

What is the treatment for anterior uveitis?

A

topical steroids; mydriatics- prefent adgesions between lens and iris

70
Q

What is episcelritis associated with?

A

association with gout

71
Q

What is scleritis?

A

serious systemic vasculitides eg RA; Wegeners

72
Q

What are the signs of scleritis?

A

very painful- injection of deep vacular plexus

73
Q

What is often seen with episcleritis?

A

inflammatory nodule

74
Q

What vessels are injected in scleritis?

A

deep vascular plexus

75
Q

What test differentiates between scleritis and episcleritis?

A

phenylephrine test- episcleritis vessels blanch whereas in scleritis the vessels dont

76
Q

What is the treatment for episcleritis?

A

lubricants; topical NSAIDs

77
Q

What is the treatment for scleritis?

A

oral NSAIDs and steroids

78
Q

What can be associated with scleritis?

A

uveitis

79
Q

What type of glaucoma can cause red eye?

A

acute closed angle

80
Q

What are the symptoms of acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

red eye-circumcorneal injection; severe apin and nausea; cornea cloudly; pupil mid dilated; eye stony hard

81
Q

When should a red eye be referred?

A

if it affects vision or causes marked photophobia

Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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