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Z BIO103 - MICROBIOLOGY (LECTURE) > The Prokaryotic Cell > Flashcards

The Prokaryotic Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosomes:

A
  • Single (up to 3)
  • haploid (1 copy)
  • circular (some linear)
  • supercoiled
  • small & efficiently organized
    ~ 4.7 Mb ~ 3,000 genes
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2
Q

Size of Cell:

A

Typically 0.2–2.0 mm in diameter

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3
Q

Nucleus:

A

Typically no nuclear membrane or nucleoli except Gemmata

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4
Q

Membrane-Enclosed Organelles:

A

Relatively few

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5
Q

Flagella:

A

Consist of two protein building blocks

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6
Q

Glycocalyx:

A

Present as a capsule or slime layer

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7
Q

Cell Wall:

A

Usually present; chemically complex (typical bacterial cell wall includes peptidoglycan)

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane:

A

Carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols

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9
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

Cytoskeleton (MreB and ParM, cresetin, and FtsZ proteins); no cytoplasmic streaming

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10
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Smaller size (70S)

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11
Q

Chromosome (DNA):

A

Usually single circular chromosome; typically lacks histones

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12
Q

Cell Division:

A

Binary fission

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13
Q

Sexual Recombination:

A

None; transfer of DNA only

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14
Q

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both contain

A
  • nucleic acids
  • proteins
  • ipids
  • carbohydrates
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15
Q

specialized cellular structures that have specific functions

A

organelles

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16
Q

Prokaryotes from the Greek words meaning

A

prenucleus

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17
Q

has a double membrane around its nucleus

A

Gemma obscuriglobus

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18
Q

A bacteria that have two chromosomes

A

Vibrio cholerae

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19
Q

Prokaryotes lack other membrane-enclosed organelles

A
  • nuclei
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
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20
Q

Prokaryotes usually divide by

A

binary fission

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21
Q

Most bacteria range from ____ to ___ µm in diameter and from
___ to __ µm in length

A
  • 0.2 to 2.0 µm
  • 2 to 8 µm
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22
Q

spherical-shaped

A

coccus
(plural: cocci, meaning berries)

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23
Q

rod-shaped

A

bacillus
(plural: bacilli, meaning little rods or walking sticks)

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24
Q

The shape of Cocci can be

A
  • oval
  • elongated
  • flattened on one side
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25
Q

Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing

A

Diplococci

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26
Q

Cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns

A

Streptococci

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27
Q

Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four

A

Tetrads

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28
Q

Cocci that divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight

A

Sarcinae

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29
Q

Cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets

A

Staphylococci

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30
Q
  • it divide only across their short axis
  • there are fewer groupings
A

Bacilli

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31
Q

Single rods

A

Single bacilli

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32
Q

Bacilli that appear in pairs after division

A

Diplobacilli

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33
Q

Bacilli that occur in chains. Some bacilli look like straws. Others have tapered ends, like cigars

A

Streptobacilli

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34
Q

Bacilli that are oval and look so much like cocci

A

Coccobacilli

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35
Q
  • bacteria have one or more twists
  • they are never straight
A

Spiral

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36
Q

Bacteria that look like curved rods

A

Vibrios

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37
Q
  • a helical shape, like a corkscrew
  • fairly rigid bodies
A

spirilla (singular: spirillum)

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38
Q

Another group of spirals that are helical and flexible

A

Spirochetes

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39
Q

What does Spirilla use to move?

A

propeller-like external appendages called flagella

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40
Q

What does Spirochetes use to move?

A

move by means of axial filaments

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41
Q
  • it resemble flagella
  • contained within a flexible external sheath
A

Axial Filaments

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42
Q

Bacteria that maintains a single shape

A

Monomorphic

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43
Q

Bacteria that can have many shapes

A

Pleomorphic

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44
Q

Example of Bacteria (Pleomorphic)

A

Rhizobium and Corynebacterium

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45
Q

Structures External to the Prokaryotic Cell Wall

A
  • Glycocalyx
  • Flagella
  • Axial Filaments
  • Fimbriae
  • Pili
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46
Q

It is a substance that may prokaryotes secrete on their surface

A

Glycocalyx

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47
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • meaning sugar coat
  • a general term used for substance that surround cells
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48
Q

Characteristic of Glycocalyx

A
  • viscous (sticky)
  • gelatinous polymer
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49
Q

Glycocalyx is composed of

A

polysaccharide and polypeptide

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50
Q

It plays a role in bacterial virulence

A

Capsule

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51
Q

It plays a role in bacterial identification

A

Cell wall or Flagella

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52
Q

It plays a role in targets of antimicrobial agents

A

Cell wall

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53
Q
  • it encode information such as genes for resistance to antibiotics or the production of toxins
  • it may be exchanged between bacteria
A

Plasmids

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54
Q

Glycocalyx is described as ____ if the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

A

Capsule

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55
Q

Glycocalyx is described as ____ if the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall

A

Slime layer

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56
Q

A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other

A

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

57
Q

What does EPS do to the cells?

A
  • protects the cells within it
  • facilitates communication among them
  • enables the cells to survive by attaching to various surfaces in their natural environment
58
Q

A glycocalyx also can protect a cell against ________, and its viscosity may inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell

A

Dehydration

59
Q
  • present in some bacterial cell
  • which are long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
A

Flagella (singular: flagellum)

60
Q

Bacteria that lack flagella

A

atrichous (without projections)

61
Q

Flagella may be __________ (distributed over the entire
cell)

A

peritrichous

62
Q

Flagella may be _____ (at one or both poles or ends of the cell)

A

polar

63
Q

If polar, flagella may be _________ (a single flagellum at one pole)

A

monotrichous

64
Q

If polar, flagella may be _________ (a tuft of flagella coming from one pole)

A

lophotrichous

65
Q

If polar, flagella may be __________ (flagella at both poles of the cell)

A

amphitrichous

66
Q

Three basic parts of a Flagellum

A
  • Filament
  • Hook
  • Basal body
67
Q
  • the long outermost region
  • contant in diameter
  • contains globular (roughly spherical) protein
A

Filament

68
Q

It is a protein arranged in several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core

A

Flagellin

69
Q
  • it is where the filament is attached
  • consists of different protein
A

Hook

70
Q
  • third portion of a flagellum
  • anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
A

Basa body

71
Q

The basal body is composed of a _____ _____ ___ inserted into a series of rings

A

small central rod

72
Q

Two pairs of rings of a Gram-negative bacteria

A
  • outer pair of rings
  • inner pair of rings
73
Q

It is anchored to various portions
of the cell wall

A

Outer pair of rings

74
Q

It is anchored to the plasma membrane

A

Inner pair of rings

75
Q

What pair of rings is present in Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Only the inner pair of rings

76
Q

Rotation of a Flagellum in Prokaryotic cells

A

Either clockwise or counterclockwise

77
Q

Motion of a Flagellum in Prokaryotic cells

A

Undulate in a wavelike motion

78
Q

It is the ability of an organism to move by itself

A

Motility

79
Q

Term for the movement of a bacterium in one direction fro a length of time

A

Run or Swim

80
Q

It is called when “runs” are interrupted by periodic, abrupt,random changes in direction

A

Tumbles

81
Q

What is the cause of “tumbles”?

A

a reversal of flagellar rotation

82
Q

Some species of bacteria endowed with many flagella

A

Proteus

83
Q

Proteus can _______, or show rapid wavelike movement across a solid culture medium

A

Swarm

84
Q

One advantage of motility

A

enables a bacterium to move toward a favorable environment or away from an adverse one

85
Q

The movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus

A

Taxis

86
Q

Stimuli include light

A

Phototaxis

87
Q

Stimuli include chemicals

A

Chemotaxi

88
Q

What are the chemical stimuli?

A
  • oxygen
  • ribose
  • galactose
89
Q

Positive chemotactic signal

A

Attractant

90
Q

Negative chemotactic signal

A

Repellent

91
Q
  • flagellar protein
  • useful for distinguishing among serovars
A

H antigen

92
Q

variations within a species of gram-negative bacteria

A

Serovars

93
Q

Motile archaeal cells have ______

A

archaella (singular: archaellum)

94
Q

Archaella share similarities with bacterial _______ and ____

A

flagella and pili

95
Q

It anchors archaella to the cell

A

A knoblike structure

96
Q

No _______ type anchor has been found for ____

A
  • bsal-body
  • pili
97
Q

Archaella rotate like _______

A

flagella

98
Q

Archaella use ATP for energy and lack a cytoplasmic core like ____

A

pili

99
Q

Archaella consist of ___________ called _______

A
  • glycoproteins
  • archaellins
100
Q

_________ are a group of bacteria that have unique structure and motility

A

Spirochetes

101
Q

One of the best-known spirochetes

A

Treponema pallidum

102
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

the causative agent of syphilis

103
Q

Another example of spirochete

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

104
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

the causative agent of Lyme disease

105
Q

Spirochetes move by means of

A

axial filaments, or endoflagella

106
Q

bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer
sheath and spiral around the cell

A

axial filaments, or endoflagella

107
Q

Bacteria that contain hairlike appendages

A

Gram-negative bacteria

108
Q

Hairlike appendages in many gram-negative bacteria

A
  • shorter
  • straighter
  • thinner
    (than flagella)
109
Q

These hairlike appendages consist of a protein called

A

pilin

110
Q

The arangement of the protein pilin

A

arranged helically around a central core

111
Q

Two types of pilin

A
  • fimbrae
  • pili
112
Q
  • can occur at the poles of the bacterial cell
  • can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell
A

Fimbriae (singular: fimbria)

113
Q

Fimbrae are involved in forming ________ and other aggretions on the surfaces of _____, _____, and _____

A
  • biofilms
  • liquids, glass, and rocks
114
Q

Example of a bacteria help
the microbe colonize mucous membranes

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

115
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

the causative agent of gonorrhea

116
Q
  • usually longer than fimbriae
  • number only one or two per cell
  • involved in motility and DNA transfer
A

Pili (singular: pilus)

117
Q

One type of motility where a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts (powerstroke) as the pilin subunits are disassembled

A

Twitching motility

118
Q
  • kind of twitching motility (dko sure kung kind ba ni sya basta tung “model”)
  • results in short, jerky, intermittent movements
A

Grappling Hook Model

119
Q
  • the smooth gliding movement of
    myxobacteria
  • provides a means for microbes to travel in environments with a low water content, such as biofilms and soil
A

Gliding motility

120
Q
  • is a complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell
  • fragile plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane
  • protects it and the interior of the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment
A

Cell wall

121
Q

What macromolecular network a bacterial cell wall has?

A

peptidoglycan (also known as murein)

122
Q

Cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria

A
  • consists of many layers of peptidoglycan
  • forming a thick, rigid structure
123
Q

The space between the cell wall and plasma membrane of gram-positive bacteria

A

Periplasmic space

124
Q

Two classes of teichoic acids

A
  1. lipoteichoic acid
  2. wall teichoic acid
125
Q

lipoteichoic acid

A
  • spans the peptidoglycan layer
  • linked to the plasma membrane
126
Q

wall teichoic acid

A

linked to the peptidoglycan layer

127
Q

Cell wall of a Gram-negative bacteria

A

consist of one or a very few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

128
Q

a gel-like fluid in the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria

A

periplasm

129
Q
  • proteins in the membrane
  • permeable
A

porins

130
Q

a large, complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

131
Q

Three components of lipopolysaccharide (LPS):

A
  1. lipid A
  2. a core polysaccharide
  3. O polysaccharide
132
Q
  • lipid portion of the LPS
  • embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane.
A

Lipid A

133
Q

When gram-negative bacteria ____, they release lipid A, which functions as an _________

A
  • die
  • endotoxin
134
Q

Lipid A role

A

responsible for the symptoms associated with infections by gram-negative bacteria such as fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting

135
Q
  • attached to lipid A
  • contains unusual sugars
A

Core polysaccharide

136
Q

Core polysaccharide role

A

structural, provide stability

137
Q
  • extends outward from the core polysaccharide
  • composed of sugar molecules
A

O polysaccharide

138
Q

O polysaccharide function

A
  • antigen
  • useful for distinguishing serovars of gram-negative bacteria

Z BIO103 - MICROBIOLOGY (LECTURE) (7 decks)

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