Introduction & Brief History of Microbiology

Question 1

The science or study of organisms too small to be observed with the naked eye, i.e., not visible without the aid of instruments capable of magnification.

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

(microbes) include eukaryotic cell types, and prokaryotic cell types

Answer 2

Microorganisms

Question 3

Eukaryotic cell types

Answer 3

• protozoa
• certain fungi
• certain algae
• the immature forms of multicellular parasites

Question 4

Prokaryotic cell types

Answer 4

• bacteria
• archaea

Question 5

_ were involved in the production of _, _, _, _ and other _ _ prepared by _ _ _

Answer 5

• Microorganisms
• wine, beer, yogurt, cheese and other fermented products
• Neolithic human societies.

Question 6

People “used” microbes to

Answer 6

flavor and preserve foods

Question 7

Who demonstrated that living microorganisms were responsible for fermentation?

Answer 7

Louis Pasteur

Question 8

“Father of Microbiology”

Answer 8

Antone Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 9

made his own microscopes, observed live microorganisms, and documented his findings with an established scientific organization (the British Royal Society or Royal Society of London).

Answer 9

Antone Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 10

without life beginnings/origin

Answer 10

Abiogenesis

Question 11

Abiogenesis or

Answer 11

Spontaneous generation

Question 12

Belief in abiogenesis

Answer 12

the spontaneous generation of living organisms from non-living materials

Question 13

Belief in abiogenesis is not _ with _ _

Answer 13

not compatible with modern science

Question 14

Scientist who disproved Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation

Answer 14

1. Francesco Redi
2. Lazzaro Spallanzani
3. Loius Pasteur
4. John Tyndall

Question 15

Disproved abiogenesis at the macroscopic level by demonstrating flies did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat.

Answer 15

Francesco Redi

Question 16

Disproved abiogenesis at the microscopic level by sealing samples of boiled broth inside glass containers.

Answer 16

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 17

Supported Abiogenesis

Answer 17

John Needham and Jan Baptist van Helmont

Question 18

Credited with disproving abiogenesis of microorganisms using boiled broth samples maintained inside goose-necked flasks open to the air. Demonstrated microorganisms were present in air and developed a method for controlling them (pasteurization).

Answer 18

Louis Pasteur

Question 19

Attempted to duplicate Pasteur’s experiments with boiled broths in open flasks. He alternately boiled and cooled broths over a three-day period to kill endospores. His method was called fractional sterilization or Tyndallization.

Answer 19

John Tyndall

Question 20

When did abiogenesis declared as a false concept

Answer 20

during the mid-1800s

Question 21

Microorganisms do not _ _ from non-living materials. _ give rise to _ _ through _ .

Answer 21

• do not arise spontaneously
• Cells
• other cells
• biogenesis

Question 22

Certain types of microorganisms can cause disease

Answer 22

Germ Theory

Question 23

Where did people associated diseases before the discovery of microorganisms?

Answer 23

natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, or exposure to bad air or bad weather

Question 24

Also, disease was attributed to

Answer 24

mysterious or supernatural causes like punishment for sinful behavior

Question 25

recorded his belief that disease was caused by tiny entities (spores) that could be passed from person to person. Without a microscope, he had no way to see these spores.

Answer 25

Girolamo Fracastoro (1546)

Question 26

urged doctors working in Vienna General Hospital to wash their hands between conducting autopsies and assisting women with childbirth fever.

Answer 26

Ignaz Philipp Semelweis (1840)

Question 27

pioneered the use of antiseptic techniques during surgical procedures. He washed his hands and instruments, and applied carbolic acid (phenol) to prevent infection. Lister knew about bacteria and is credited with developing the first pure bacterial cultures.

Answer 27

John Lister (1867)

Question 28

developed a set of experimental steps (Koch’s postulates) that could be used to show that a particular type of microorganism was responsible for causing a specific type of disease. Initially he demonstrated that anthrax was caused by Bacillus anthracis.

Answer 28

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 29

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 29

1. The suspect causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. (Koch took samples from hundreds of animals over years of investigation to be certain of his conclusions.)
2. The specific type of microbe must be isolated from the infected individual and grown in a culture containing no other forms (pure culture).
3. Upon inoculation into a normal, healthy, susceptible animal, a pure culture of the microbial agent must produce the disease.
4. The same type of microbe must be recovered again from the experimentally infected host

Question 30

“Golden Years” of Microbiology

Answer 30

1857-1914

Question 31

During the “Golden Years” of microbiology (1857-1914) investigators discovered the bacterial causes of major human diseases including

Answer 31

cholera, diphtheria, leprosy, plague, tetanus, tuberculosis and typhoid

Question 32

During the golden years other important contributions to microbiology were made by:

Answer 32

Richard J. Petri
Fanny Hesse
Hans Christian Gram

Question 33

The man who developed the Petri dish

Answer 33

Richard J. Petri

Question 34

The woman who developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent.

Answer 34

Fanny Hesse

Question 35

The man who developed Gram stain

Answer 35

Hans Christian Gram

Question 36

Attenuated microbial culture (vaccines) can be used to prevent disease

Answer 36

Immunization

Question 37

discovered that attenuated (weakened) microbial cultures could be used to prevent disease while studying chicken cholera. Pasteur called his attenuated cultures vaccines (vacca = cow) in recognition of the work carried out by Edward Jenner

Answer 37

Louis Pasteur (1880)

Question 38

noticed that dairymaids often contracted cowpox, but seemed resistant to smallpox. He used fluid from pustules formed on young women infected with cowpox to prevent small pox and called the procedure vaccination

Answer 38

Edward Jenner (1796)

Question 39

Chemicals produced by microorganisms can be used to cure disease

Answer 39

Magic bullets

Question 40

searched for “magic bullets”, i.e., chemical compounds that could be taken by patients to cure disease (magically seek out and kill microorganisms inside the body without causing damage to the patient). He developed Salvarsan, and arsenic compound used to cure syphilis

Answer 40

Paul Ehrlich (1910)

Question 41

He have found that fungi in the genus Penicillium could kill Staphylococcus and discovered Penicillin, one of the first antibiotics. Currently many different types of bacteria and fungi are used to produce antibiotics

Answer 41

Alexander Fleming (1920)