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Year 2 Diabetes & Endocrinology (JK) > The pituitary gland ( and hypothalamus) > Flashcards

The pituitary gland ( and hypothalamus) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamus a part of?

A

the brain

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2
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

directly via stalk called the infundibulum

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3
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

stalk connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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4
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior and posterior pituitary and what does this mean?

A

neural to posterior pituitary
endocrine to anterior pituitary
neuroendocrine function

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5
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus? Why?

A

neuroendocrine

neural tissue

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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

in pocket of sphenoid bone directly below the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Give some examples of inputs to the hypothalamus

A 
sleep 
hydration status 
puberty 
menstruation 
cold 
stress
metabolic demand
day/night
breastfeeding 
pregnancy
exercise
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8
Q

Give some examples of physiological mechanisms which the pituitary controls

A 
water balance 
lactation 
parturition 
growth 
gonadal function 
thyroid function 
adrenal function 
metabolism
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9
Q

What is parturition?

A

The action of giving birth

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10
Q

The hypothalamus and anterior or posterior pituitary release both trophic and non-trophic hormones?

A

anterior

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11
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

Hormones governing the release of another hormone

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12
Q

What type of hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

neurohormones from the hypothalamus

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13
Q

What type of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

classic endocrine hormones

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14
Q

What do the trophic hormones from the hypothalamus govern?

A

release of anterior pituitary hormones

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15
Q

What do the non-trophic hormones from the hypothalamus govern?

A

travel to posterior pituitary and are released into the blood

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16
Q

What do all the trophic hormones released from the hypothalamus do when they reach the anterior pituitary?

A

bind to receptors and stimulate/inhibit release of AP hormones

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17
Q

Name the 5 hypothalamic releasing hormones

A 
TSH 
CRH
GHRH
GnRH
PRH
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18
Q

What are the 2 hypothalamic inhibiting hormones?

A

PIH eg dopamine

GHIH eg somatostatin

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19
Q

How are the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary connected?

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal

tiny network of vessels

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20
Q

Where are the hormones released from neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus? (hypothalamus & ant. pituitary)

A

Median eminence

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21
Q

What is the tissue origin of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A 
anterior = epithelial 
posterior = neural
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22
Q

What are the other names for the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A 
anterior = adenohypophysis 
posterior = neurohypophysis
23
Q

What fraction of the gland does the anterior and posterior pituitary make up?

A

anterior is 2/3

24
Q

How are the capillary beds in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal arranged?

A

2 capillary beds in series

25
What type of hormones does the hypothalamus produce that effects the anterior pituitary?
inhibiting or releasing hormones | trophic hormones
26
How many hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland? What type of endocrine hormones?
6 | peptides
27
How many of the 6 anterior pituitary hormones are trophic?
5
28
Name the 6 hormones the anterior pituitary produces
``` TSH LH FSH GH ACTH prolactin ```
29
What is the only non-trophic anterior pituitary hormones and what is its effect?
prolactin | DIRECTLY stimulates milk production from breast during lactation
30
3 integration centres of anterior pituitary feedback control
hypothalamus anterior pituitary target endocrine cell
31
What acts as the negative feedback signal in anterior pituitary feedback control?
hormones
32
Give an example of long loop feedback in anterior pituitary control
feedback from target endocrine cell to AP and hypothalamus
33
Give an example of short loop feedback in anterior pituitary control
feedback from AP to the hypothalamus
34
Advantage of anterior pituitary feedback control
links levels of sequential hormones together and tightly maintains plasma levels within the correct range
35
What are the 2 peptide neurohormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary?
vasopressin eg ADH | oxytocin
36
Where are the posterior pituitary neurohormones synthesised?
specific magnocellular neurons
37
Where are magnocellular neuronal cell bodies?
specific areas of the hypothalamus
38
How does the hormones travel from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary?
axons project down infundibulum to posterior pituitary
39
Do magnocellular neurons synapse?
no - terminals end directly on capillaries
40
Function of ADH
regulate water balance
41
Release of ADH is triggered by..
decrease bp/plasma volume | increase plasma osmolarity
42
Site/mode of action of ADH
kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption | vascular smooth muscle to increase blood pressure
43
function of oxytocin
milk ejection and uterine contraction
44
release of oxytocin triggered by...
labour - baby's head against the cervix | suckling
45
site/mode of action of oxytocin
milk ducts smooth muscle contracts and ejects milk | uterine smooth muscle contraction in child birth
46
Hyposecretion
too little hormones secreted
47
hypersecretion
too much hormone secreted
48
hyporesponsiveness
reduced response of target cell
49
hyperresponsiveness
increased response of target cell
50
primary endocrine disorders
defect in cells which secrete the hormone
51
secondary endocrine disorders
too much or little trophic hormone from pituitary gland
52
tertiary endocrine disorders
hypothalamic defects
53
3 causes of hyporesponsiveness
alterations in receptor for hormone disordered post receptor events failure of metabolic activation of hormone - if this is required
54
Possible cause of hyperresponsiveness
permissive effects

Year 2 Diabetes & Endocrinology (JK) (24 decks)

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