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Year 2 Diabetes & Endocrinology (JK) > Introduction to the Endocrine system > Flashcards

Introduction to the Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are some criteria for an endocrine hormone?

A

travels in the blood
target organ distal to site of synthesis
secreted from cells, tissues or glands

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2
Q

Give an example of a fast and a slow response endocrine hormone

A

fast eg adrenaline

slow eg growth hormone

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3
Q

What is a paracrine hormone? + example

A

Acts local to site of synthesis

histamine

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4
Q

What is an autocrine hormone? + example

A

Act on/in the same cell that synthesises it

cytokine

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5
Q

What is an exocrine hormone? + example

A

Released from exocrine glands via ducts

GI tract eg saliva, bile

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6
Q

What 2 systems control all body function?

A

nervous and endocrine

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7
Q

What must be present for a hormone to have an effect on a tissue?

A

Presence of specific receptors

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8
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

released from presynaptic neuron and travels across cleft and acts locally

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9
Q

What is an example of a long term phenomena which includes the co-operation of nervous and endocrine systems?

A

growth

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10
Q

What is the neuroendocrine hormones? + example

A

Nerves release hormones into the blood

hypothalamic-posterior pituitary axis

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11
Q

Why is the response of hormones highly specific?

A

Only act on target cells with receptors

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12
Q

Does a hormone have 1 or more than 1 target sites and effects?

A

more than 1 effect on different target cells

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13
Q

What is the broad function of hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

Bring about changes in activity of target cells and tissues (increase/decrease activity)

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14
Q

What systems is endocrine function embedded into?

A

reproductive, renal, GI

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15
Q

What diffuse systems of glands is endocrine function in its own right?

A

thyroid, adrenal + pituitary glands, hypothalamus

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16
Q

Do you require large or small concentrations of hormones to bring about their effect?

A

very small - pico Molar

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17
Q

How is hormone action often terminated?

A

negative feedback loops

metabolised

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18
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

peptide/protein
steroid
amine

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19
Q

What is the most common class of hormone?

A

peptide

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20
Q

What are peptide hormones composed of?

A

chains of amino acids

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21
Q

What are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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22
Q

What 2 amino acids are amine hormones derived from?

A

tryptophan - melatonin

tyrosine

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23
Q

Are peptide hormones synthesised on demand or premade?

A

premade and stored in vesicles

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24
Q

What produces the preprohormone and state its size and activity

A

ribosomes
large
inactive

25
Q

How is the prehormone made?

A

preprohormone is cleaved in RER

still inactive

26
Q

What happens to prehormone?

A

Packaged into vesicles at Golgi apparatus with proteolytic enzymes

27
Q

What do the proteolytic enzymes break the prehormone into?

A

active hormone

inactive fragment

28
Q

What is meant by co-secretion?

A

Active hormone and inactive fragments released from vesicle into the blood

29
Q

Give an example of when measuring inactive fragments can be important clinically

A

c peptide with insulin

measures ENDOGENOUS insulin, independent of any synthetic function

30
Q

Are peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic (lipophobic)

31
Q

How do peptide hormones cross the cell membrane?

A

membrane bound receptors on target cells

32
Q

Do peptide hormones have slow or fast responses?

A

fast

33
Q

2 membrane bound receptors used with peptide hormones

A

GPCR

tyrosine kinase linked signalling pathways

34
Q

How do GPCR work?

A

activate 2nd messengers - rapid response

35
Q

How do Tyrosine kinase linked receptors work?

A

alter gene expression - slower, longer lasting

36
Q

Why are steroid hormones made as they are needed?

A

highly lipophilic

cannot be retained in lipid membrane

37
Q

How are steroid hormones transported in the blood

A

bound to carrier proteins eg albumin

38
Q

2 advantages of having steroid hormones bound to carrier proteins

A

increases half life

protects from enzymatic degredation

39
Q

4 organs producing steroid hormones and what they produce

A

gonads - sex hormones
placenta - hCG and sex hormones
adrenal cortex - corticosteroids
kidney - vitamin D3

40
Q

How is the specific steroid hormone determined and how is this important with the effects of excess steroids

A

different enzymes

common ancestry

41
Q

Where are steroid hormone receptors located?

A

in cells as lipophilic

cytoplasmic or nuclear

42
Q

What is meant by the genomic effect of steroid hormones? What is the knock on effect of this?

A

activate or repress gene function

protein synthesis

43
Q

What is the difference in response if the steroid hormones bind to cell surface receptors?

A

rapid response

44
Q

3 examples of amine hormones

A

dopamine
epinephrine
norepinephrine

45
Q

Are amine hormones lipophilic or lipophobic?

A

lipophobic - like peptide hormones

46
Q

Only amine hormone derived from tryptophan

A

melatonin

47
Q

What hormones do thyroid hormones act like?

A

steroid hormones

48
Q

What is the physiologically important fraction of lipophilic hormones?

A

free unbound

49
Q

Is free or complex hormones favoured? what is this ratio in health?

A

complexed

constant

50
Q

What does the law of mass action say?

A

free hormone is constant

as it leaves plasma more is released from carriers

51
Q

total plasma [hormone] =

A

free hormone + complexed hormone

52
Q

What organ excretes and what organ metabolises hormones?

A

kidneys

liver

53
Q

Why are peptide/amine hormones easily excreted?

A

short half-life

soluble in water

54
Q

Why do steroid and thyroid hormones take hours to excrete?

A

protein bound

55
Q

3 ways that hormone secretion can be controlled

A

negative feedback loop
neural feedback loop
multiple control mechanisms

56
Q

What adaptions will be made in response to low and high hormone concentration?

A

low - increase number of receptors = upregulation
increase sensitivity
high - opposite = downregulate

57
Q

What is meant by a permissive effect?

A

the presence of 1 hormone enhances the effect of another

58
Q

Give an example of a permissive effect

A

Thyroid and epinephrine with lipolysis

TH increases synthesis for epinephrine receptors on adipocytes

59
Q

Why may 24 hour monitoring of hormones be required?

A

They are released in short bursts and concentration varies widely
single values misleading

Year 2 Diabetes & Endocrinology (JK) (24 decks)

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