The Pathogens

Question 1

What are the 2 types of pathogen

Answer 1

Microbes and Parasites

Question 2

What are the types of microbes

Answer 2

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi

Question 3

What are the types of parasites

Answer 3

Helminths

Protozoa

Question 4

True or false: bacteria are eukaryotes

Answer 4

False

Question 5

What are the two classes of bacteria

Answer 5

Gram negative: LPS on outer membrane

Gram Positive: accepts stain

Question 6

Define immunogenicity

Answer 6

The ability to elicit the production of specific antibody (B cell activation)

Question 7

Define Antigenicity

Answer 7

Ability to bind to antibody

Question 8

Define toxicity

Answer 8

Ability to real ease inflammatory cytokines e.g. IL1, IL6, TNF

Question 9

True or false: endotoxins are more specific and potent than exotoxins

Answer 9

False, other way around

Question 10

What is a Toxoid

Answer 10

Modified or inactivated toxin that has lost its toxicity but can still induce antibodies

Question 11

True or false: fungi are prokaryotes

Answer 11

False they are eukaryotes

Question 12

What are the morphological forms of fungi

Answer 12

Yeast: unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding

Hyphae: multicellular, reproduce asexually (spores) and/or sexually

Dimorphic: can switch between yeast and hyphal (mycelial) from e.g. Candida albicans

Question 13

Describe the fungal cell wall

Answer 13

A phospholipid bilayer covered in chitin, topped with beta-glucan and mannoproteins to coat

Question 14

Describe the mammalian cell membran

Answer 14

Phospholipid bilayer with protein channels running through and glycoproteins/lipids on the apical surface

Question 15

Describe Protozoa

Answer 15

Unicellular eukaryotes
Classification based on mode of movement
- Amoeboids
- Flagellates
- Ciliates
- Phylum

Question 16

Describe Helminths

Answer 16

Multicellular invertebrates (worms)
Flukes (Trematodes): Leaf shaped flatworms
Tapeworm (Cestodes): Segmented hermaphroditic flatworms
Roundworms (Nematodes): Bisexual