Leukocyte Extravasation Flashcards
Describe neutrophils during inflammation
they’re the first leukocytes to bind inflamed endothelium - C5a, bacterial peptides and leukocytes bind specific neutrophil receptors
What do Monocytes do in healthy cells
Transverse, at a low rate, non-inflamed endothelium to replenish resident tissue macrophages
What do monocytes do during inflammation
Arrive at site much later as endothelium takes longer to express integrity that bind monocytes
What does TNS alpha do
- Activated macrophages and neutrophils —> increase phagocytise activity and release of lytic enzymes
- Stimulates endothelial cell to initiate blood clotting in small vessels which pathogens
What are the basic response of TNA alpha, IL-1 and IL-6?
Initiate systematic and acute phase response
What does TGF beta do
Anti-inflammatory cytokines that Limits the inflammatory response by inhibiting the activation of monocytes derived phagocytes and lymphocyte
Describe the the activation of systematic response to inflammation
Activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines released at site of activation
Describe the systemic response to inflammation
- Hypothalamus regulates energy
- Induction of fever
- Increased synthesis of ACTH and hydrocortisone hormones
- Proliferation of leukocytes
- Production of acute phase protein by the liver
What are the causes of Chronic inflammation
Defence Resistant pathogens
Autoimmune diseases
Cancer - tissue damage and wasting
What does chronic inflammation induce
- Continuous accumulation and activation of macrophages
- fibrosis (scarring of tissue): acc. Of fibroblasts and ECM proteins
- Granuloma: activated macrophages surrounded by activates lymphocytes
What is sepsis
Spread of infection into the blood stream
- can lead to organ failure
What are the systematic affects of TNF alpha
Increase vasodilation- decrease BP (bad kidney perfusion)
Increase vascular permeability —> loss of plasma volume
Triggers blood clotting in small vessels —> often leads to multiple organ failure due to decrease organ perfusion
True or false: Sepsis is accompanied by a dramatic increase of systemic TNFa
True, due to mass TNFa release by activated macrophages
