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Infection & Immunity > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of Lymphocyte

A

B cells, T cells, and NK cells

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2
Q

What are the types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, mast cells, monocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells)

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3
Q

True or false: NK and T cells kill infected Ella by apoptosis

A

True

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4
Q

How do NK and T cells induce apoptosis

A

T cell recognised infected cell and NK cell releases lytic granules that kill the virus infected cells

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5
Q

What is the activated function of a macrophage

A

Yeah phagocytosis and Activation of bactericidal mechanisms

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6
Q

What is the activated function of a dendritic cell

A

Antigen uptake I’m peripheral sites and antigen presentation

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7
Q

What is the activated function of a neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

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8
Q

What is the activated function of an eosinophil

A

Killing off antibody Coated parasites

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9
Q

Stages of phagocytosis

A

Adherence
Ingestion (phagosome)
Digestion (phagolysosome)
Excretion (exocytosis)

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10
Q

Characteristics of Neutrophils (Granulocytes)

A

Primary and secondary granules
First cells to arrive at site of infection
FXN: phagocytosis, neutrophil extracellular traps

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11
Q

Describe the difference between primary and secondary neutrophils

A

Primary: larger molecules, peroxidase, lysozyme
Secondary: collagenases, lactoferrin, lysozyme

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12
Q

Describe characteristic of monocytes

A

Circulate in blood for ~8 hours after leaving the bone marrow.
Migration into the tissues and differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells

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13
Q

Characteristics of macrophages

A

Differentiate tissues from monocytes

  • increased cell size 5-10x
  • more intracellular organelles, proteolytic enzymes, secretion of soluble factors
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14
Q

What are the types of macrophage

A

Resident macrophages: diff functions for diff tissues

Wandering macrophages: antigen presenting cells that travel within and between tissues to phagocytose

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15
Q

Characteristics of Dendritic cells

A

Express MHC 1, MHC 2, CD4 and CD8 molecules
FXN: phagocytes, antigen presenting cells (APC)
- Phagocytosis of pathogen/antigen —> maturation —> transport to lymph node
- antigen presentation to T cells

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16
Q

Characteristics of eosinophils

A

Phagocytic granulocytes
Mostly in connective tissue under epithelium
Cell surface receptors for cytokines, complement, Fc receptor for IgE (—> andtiboy dependant cell cytotoxicity - ADCC)

17
Q

Explain the effector funstion of eosinophils

A

Upon activation they release free radicals and toxin proteins from granules that kill microorganisms and parasites but can also induce allergic reactions.
They also release prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines that amplify the inflammatory response which activated epithelial cells to recruit leukocytes

18
Q

Characteristics of Basophils

A

Non-phagocytic granulocytes
Recruited from blood into tissues
Cell surface receptors for cytokines and Fc fragment of IgE —> ADCC

19
Q

Explain the effector function of basophils

A

Release histamine —> increase in vascular permeability
Defence against parasites with eosinophils
Can induce allergic reactions

20
Q

Characteristics of Mast cells

A 
Differentiate only upon entering tissues
In connective tissue, around blood and lymph vessels and nerves
Granules with histamine
Secrete cytokines
Receptors for Fc of IgE —> ADCC
21
Q

Describe effector function of Mast cells

A

Can induce allergic reactions (histamine)

Role in inflammation

22
Q

Characteristics of NK cells

A

Kill only infected or cancerous host cells by detecting the “missing self”
Cytotoxic granules containing perforin and enzymes
Express receptors on cell surface

23
Q

Describe the receptors on the cell surface of NK cells

A

Activating receptors: detection markers of stress on infected or cancerous cells, trigger killing of target cells

Inhibiting receptors: prevent NK cells from killing normal cells by detecting Normal levels of MHC 1 molecule

24
Q

Explain the activation of NK cells

A 
Apoptosis indies by:
- fas-dependant mechanism
- fas-independant mechanism
- antibodies: ADCC
MHC 1 alone will not activate but will in conjunction with activating Ligands 
Activating ligands alone can activate
25
Q

What is MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility complex, a cluster of over 200 genes on chromosome 6
They present antigens on the cell surface
Membrane bound glycoproteins

26
Q

Describe MHC 1 glycoproteins

A

Expressed on surface of every uncleared host cell
Spit the signal pathogenic cells to T cells
Present only endogenous (intracellular) antigens

27
Q

Describe MHC II glycoproteins

A

Express only on surface of professional APC (dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages)
Present only on EXOGENOUS (extracellular) bacteria, viruses, parasitic worms, pollen, dust, toxins

28
Q

What is a receptor

A

A protein that binds to substrates to pick up a change, send that signal to a cell and to initiate a signalling cascade stimulating or inhibiting a response

29
Q

What are the types of receptor

A

Intracellular
- cytoplasmic: in cytosine, swim around to pick up pathogenic structures and relay to nucleus
- nuclear: sit in nucleus and gives instructions/signals to genetic material
Extracellular

30
Q

What are the functions of receptors

A

Specific binding to molecules: peptide, antigens, neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, toxins etc.
Conformational changes to receptor lead to downstream effects
- Activation of signalling
Change of membrane potential

31
Q

Describe cytokines

A
  • Low Mr proteins secreted by cells of immune and other systems
  • Bond to specific cell-surface receptors and induce profound changes in target cells
  • can act in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine fashion
32
Q

Function of receptors, cytokines and chemokines

A 
Activation e.g. Th1 lymphocytes activate macrophages through IFN-gamma
Proliferation
Differentiation
Chemotaxis (chemokines)
Cell death and survival
Etc.
33
Q

Examples of cytokines families

A
  • Haematopoietin family: e.g. Interleukin: produced by leukocytes and target other leukocytes
  • interferon family (mainly anti-viral function)
  • chemokine (adhesion, chemotaxis and activation of leukocytes)
  • TNF family (inflammation)

Infection & Immunity (17 decks)

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