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13ACD: Age of the Crusades, c.1071-1149 > The Papacy and Latin Christian violence, c.1071-1099 > Flashcards

The Papacy and Latin Christian violence, c.1071-1099 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the college of cardinals that elected popes established?

A

1059

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2
Q

What was the power that popes claimed as Peter’s spiritual successor?

A

Petrine Authority

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3
Q

What was the conflict that erupted between papacy and German emperor?

A

Investiture

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4
Q

What was investiture about the control over the appointment of?

A

bishops

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5
Q

When did Henry IV resume appointing bishops to the anger of Gregory VII?

A

June 1075

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6
Q

Which archbishopric was the flashpoint for the papal and imperial conflict in 1075?

A

Milan

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7
Q

Which candidate did Henry IV successfully put forward as archbishop of Milan?

A

Tedald

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8
Q

Which candidate did Gregory VII unsuccessfully put forward as archbishop of Milan?

A

Atto

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9
Q

Where, in 1078, did Gregory VII forbid lay investiture?

A

Roman Synod

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10
Q

Where was Henry IV trapped between 1092 and 1097?

A

Verona

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11
Q

Who was recognised as a rival pope by Henry IV between 1080 and 1100?

A

Clement III

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12
Q

Who was pope between 1073 and 1085?

A

Gregory VII

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13
Q

Who was pope between 1086 and 1087?

A

Victor III

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14
Q

Who was pope between 1088 and 1099?

A

Urban II

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15
Q

When did Gregory VII offer to help Byzantium in response to Manzikert?

A

March 1074

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16
Q

Which mother of Henry IV did Gregory VII hope to recruit to aid Byzantium in 1074?

A

Agnes

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17
Q

Who did Gregory VII excommunicate in 1078 for usurping the Byzantine throne?

A

Nikephorus III

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18
Q

Which seized the Byzantine throne in 1081 and was excommunicated by Gregory VII?

A

Alexius I

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19
Q

Where did Henry IV beg barefoot for forgiveness in the snow for three days in January 1077?

A

Canossa

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20
Q

Which Norman leader did Gregory VII forge an alliance with?

A

Robert Guiscard

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21
Q

Which document, written by Gregory VII, laid out powers claimed by the papacy?

A

Dictatus Papae

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22
Q

What was the name given to laymen who fought on the pope’s behalf?

A

Milites Christi

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23
Q

Who was the most loyal supporter of Gregory VII in Italy?

A

Matilda of Tuscany

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24
Q

Who organised a papally backed expedition to Spain in 1073?

A

Ebles of Roucy

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25
Q

Which key city was captured from the Muslims in Spain in 1085?

A

Toledo

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26
Q

Which Spanish city did Urban II encourage Christians to rebuild?

A

Tarragona

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27
Q

Which ‘fanatical’ group revived Muslim power in Spain after 1087?

A

Almoravids

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28
Q

Where did Gregory VII die in exile in May 1085?

A

Salerno

29
Q

Which event in 1064-65 had demonstrated the danger in Palestine?

A

Great German Pilgrimage

30
Q

Which Muslim territory did the papacy support the Norman conquest of?

A

Sicily

31
Q

What was an attempt to limit Christians from killing certain Christian people?

A

Peace of God

32
Q

What was an attempt to limit Christians killing each other at certain times?

A

Truce of God

33
Q

In what year was the Great Schism between Rome and Constantinople?

A

1054

34
Q

What was the collective name given to the five ancient seats of Christian power?

A

Pentarchy

35
Q

What was Ebles of Roucy accused of repeatedly plundering which casts doubt on his piety?

A

The Church

36
Q

What was belief that saints acted as intercessors to God and that they existed in a hierarchy?

A

Cult of saints

37
Q

What was a relic that had become holy through proximity to a saint?

A

Brandea

38
Q

What was a relic that was literally a part of a saint and was usually the focus of pilgrimage?

A

Bodily relic

39
Q

What was a desire to travel to holy places, the most important of which was Jerusalem?

A

Pilgrimage

40
Q

What was an act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins, possibly including pilgrimage?

A

Penance

41
Q

When was the council of Clermont that launched the First Crusade?

A

November 1095

42
Q

Which Muslim people posed the greatest threat to Byzantine Anatolia at this time?

A

Seljuk Turks

43
Q

What was a promise made to crusaders that previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part?

A

Remittance of sins

44
Q

What meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder?

A

Sanctified violence

45
Q

What was the clash between killing and sin that was solved by sanctified violence?

A

Knightly dilemma

46
Q

What were natural phenomena ascribed to God giving direct instructions to undertake the crusade?

A

Signs and Wonders

47
Q

Who was crusader motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion as he was already very wealthy?

A

Raymond of Toulouse

48
Q

Who was a German count who led his ‘crusading’ forces in a pogrom against the Jews of the Rhineland?

A

Emicho

49
Q

Who was a charismatic preacher and leader of the People’s crusade, he was religiously motivated?

A

Peter the Hermit

50
Q

What was motivating factor can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin on the First Crusade?

A

Economic greed

51
Q

What was an increasingly common law that meant eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with very little?

A

Primogeniture

52
Q

Which pope had first promised an indulgence to those who fought in Spain in 1063?

A

Alexander II

53
Q

Who was the Norman Crusader hated by Alexius I, known for his bravery and skill, looking for land and wealth?

A

Bohemond

54
Q

What was a motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific appeal to senior European nobles?

A

Feudal ties

55
Q

Which social tie played an important role in the participation of crusader leaders like Baldwin and Tancred?

A

Kinship

56
Q

Whose family had longstanding connections and friendship with the Byzantium and a history of pilgrimages?

A

Robert of Flanders

57
Q

Who was a crusader motivated by social pressure from his wife and family?

A

Stephen of Blois

58
Q

Who was close to Urban II and was sent to represent him as his papal legate on the First Crusade?

A

Bishop Adhemar

59
Q

Which pope had asked the Normans to conquer Sicily from Muslims in the name of Christianity in 1059?

A

Nicholas II

60
Q

Which Muslim city in North Africa was attacked by Genoa and Pisa in 1087?

A

Mahdia

61
Q

Which pope supported the attack on Mahdia in 1087?

A

Victor III

62
Q

Which Christian leader fought for Christian and Muslim states in Spain?

A

El Cid

63
Q

Who led a papally-backed campaign to Spain to fight Muslims in 1073?

A

Ebles of Roucy

64
Q

Who did the Normans use in their armies that casts doubt on their religious motivation?

A

Muslim soldiers

65
Q

What did the Normans offer to the Muslims that they ruled in Sicily?

A

Religious freedom

66
Q

Which Christian ruler of Leon had an alliance with the Muslim prince al-Qadir?

A

Alfonso VI

67
Q

What did Alfonso VI accept from Muslim states to avoid attacking them?

A

Tribute

68
Q

Which pope backed campaigns in Spain against Muslims in 1073, 1078 and 1080?

A

Gregory VII

69
Q

Which pope launched the First Crusade as a form of Holy War in 1095?

A

Urban II

13ACD: Age of the Crusades, c.1071-1149 (12 decks)

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