Age of the Crusades (All), c.1071-1149 Flashcards
A fleet belonging to which Muslim power was destroyed by a large Venetian fleet of 120 ships in May 1123?
Fatimids
A Venetian crusading fleet played a major role in the capture of which major Muslim port city in 1124?
Tyre
After the Field of Blood (1119) Baldwin II had to be regent of Antioch until which year?
1126
After which battle against Muslims in 1104 were the Normans too weak to stop the Byzantines regaining Cilicia?
Harran
After which battle in 1102 did Alexius I pay the ransom of the captured Franks?
Ramlah (2nd)
After whose death in 1128 were the Assassins/Nizari forced out of Damascus?
Tughtegin
At which battle at the end of the First Crusade on 12 August 1099 were the Fatimids defeated?
Ascalon
At which battle did Baldwin II defeat Aqsonqur in June 1125?
Azaz
At which battle did the Franks led by Pons of Tripoli and Baldwin II of Edessa defeat a Turkish invasion in 1115?
Tell Danith
At which battle did Toghtegin of Damascus and Mawdud of Mosul successful co-operate in 1113?
al-Sannabra
At which battle in 1100 was Bohemond of Antioch captured forcing Tancred to become regent?
Melitene
At which battle in 1108 were Tancred of Antioch and Baldwin II of Edessa on opposing sides?
Tell Bashir
At which battle in 1131 was Pons of Tripoli defeated by Fulk of Jerusalem?
Rugia
At which battle in August 1119 were Il-Ghazi’s forces defeated by Baldwin II and Pons?
Hab
At which battle in June 1119 were the forces of Roger of Antioch annihilated in by Il-Ghazi?
Field of Blood
At which battle in June 1125 did Baldwin II decisively defeat a much larger Muslim army?
Azaz
At which battle in May 1102 were Baldwin I’s forces limited forces defeated and reduced by the Fatimids?
Ramlah (2nd)
At which battle in Summer 1137 did Zengi defeat a force led by Fulk of Jerusalem attempting to aid the County of Tripoli?
Ba’rin
At which battle was Roger of Antioch successful against the Turkish leader Bursuq in 1115?
Tell Danith
At which battle were invading Fatimids defeated by Eustace Grenier, the Constable of Jerusalem, in 1123?
Yibneh
At which battle were the forces of Roger of Antioch annihilated in 1119?
Field of Blood
At which major battle in 1081 was Alexius I heavily defeated by the Normans?
Dyrrachium
Becoming a member of the Templars or Hospitallers was a means by which a knight could fight and enter a what?
Holy Order
Bernard of Valence provided military support to assist Tancred at which battle in 1104?
Harran
Conflict between Joscelin I of Edessa and which other Frankish ruler prevented an attack on Aleppo in 1126?
Bohemond II
Crusaders from where unsuccessfully sought to capture the Byzantine island of Corfu in the winter of 1122/23?
Venice
Custody of which imprtant Christian site in Jerusalem passed from Greek priests to Latins due to the First Crusade?
Holy Sepulchre
Emperor John II entered into prolonged conflict with which Italian city-state in 1122 further souring relations?
Venice
Failure to complete, or previous desertion from the first crusade led many Latins to participate in what?
Crusade of 1101
From where did Louis VII sail during the Second Crusade, abandoning his army?
Attalia
Future control over which city was disputed between Frankish rulers until Baldwin I forced a settlement in 1109?
Tripoli
How did Bernard refer to those given the ‘opportunity’ to go on the Second Crusade?
The ‘Lucky Generation’
How did the First Crusaders regard Alexius I’s failure to arrive at Antioch in 1098?
Betrayal
How long was Bernard of Clairvaux’s preaching tour for the Second Crusade?
Seven months
How many Christian pilgrims were massacred near the River Jordan at Easter 1119?
Three hundred
How many ships did the Venetians send to aid Outremer in 1122?
Seventy
In what year did Alexius I die and his son John II become Byzantine emperor?
1118
In what year did Baldwin II send an embassy to the Latin West seeking aid for a Crusade against Damascus?
1127
In what year did Genoa help to capture the port of Jebail?
1103
In what year did Il-Ghazi die?
1122
In what year did Raymond II establish the Knights Hospitaller in the County of Tripoli?
1142
In what year did the Franks, with Venetian assistance, capture the vital city of Tyre?
1124
In what year did Zengi become the de facto ruler of Aleppo?
1128
In what year did Zengi become the ruler of Mosul?
1127
In what year did Zengi besiege Damascus for a second time, again unsuccessfully?
1140
In what year did Zengi first besiege Damascus but was unsuccessful due to Unur’s actions?
1135
In what year was Bohemond’s attack from Europe upon Byzantium crushed?
1108
In what year was Boutoumites sent on a unsuccessful diplomatic mission to repair relations with Bohemond of Antioch?
1099
In what year was Pons taken prisoner by the ruler of Damascus and then executed?
1137
In what year was the Great Schism between Rome and Constantinople?
1054
In what year were the Templars founded?
1119
In which year did the massacre of pilgrims at Easter and the military defeat to Il-Ghazi prompt the Templar’s creation?
1119
Jerusalem, Nablus, Acre and (from 1124) Tyre were part of what in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
royal domain
On how many occasions between 1110 and 1137 did the kings of Jerusalem intervene to assist Antioch?
Fifteen
One hundred and twenty of what were sent by Venetians to aid Outremer in 1122?
ships
Possession of what led to friction with Byzantium that prevented an alliance between Christians?
Antioch
The collapse of what in Syria and Palestine made the First Crusade easier?
Seljuk Empire
The conflict between Tancred and which Frankish ruler was resolved through Bernard of Valance’s efforts?
Baldwin II of Edessa
The emir of which Muslim city was killed by the Assassins in 1106?
Apamea
The extermination of which force did much to limit crusading enthusiasm?
Crusade of 1101
The garrison of which Muslim town were crucified by Zengi in 1139 even though he had sworn an oath to spare them?
Baalbek
The long patriarchate of Bernard of Valence (1100-1135) aided stability in which otherwise unstable state?
Antioch
The memorial of which Muslim ruler of Damascus noted his alleged role as a defender of Islam?
Tughtegin
The Second Crusade abandoned the siege of which city when they learnt that Nureddin’s forces were only days away?
Damascus
The third battle at which place in 1105 was a major victory for Baldwin I?
Ramlah
What actions against Baltic pagans reduced German support for the Second Crusade?
The Wendish Crusade
What became more explicitly referenced in the inscriptions on Muslim leaders’ tombs after 1119?
Jihad
What did Alexius I cut off from those First crusade leaders who would not promise to return land?
Food supplies
What did all non-Franks have to pay in the crusader states?
Poll Tax
What did Bernard of Clairvaux write in 1129 in defence of the military orders?
In Praise of the New Chivalry
What did Caka build that threatened the Byzantine islands and Constantinople?
Naval fleet
What did John II have to conquer to open up a land route to Antioch?
Cilicia
What did Muslims not have to pay unlike the Franks?
Tithe
What did Muslims not see as an existential threat to their religion and culture between 1095 and 1099?
First Crusade
What did royal domain revenue, caravan tolls, dues from Bedouin shepherds and justice provide Kings of Jerusalem?
finance
What did Zengi portray the attack on Edessa to be part of to secure the support of Turcoman tribes?
Jihad
What did Zengi use to successfully undermine the walls of Edessa in December 1144?
sappers
What division in Islam remained just as fundamental in 1124 as it was in 1095?
Sunni-Shia split
What economic consideration was promised by Eugenius III for Second crusaders?
Protection of possessions
What event in 1096 demonstrates the religious piety of humbler people?
People’s Crusade
What forces of the Fatimids became less effective as the coast was taken?
Naval fleets
What function did the Hospitallers primarily provide to the Franks of Outremer until the 1130s?
Medical
What had Alexius I require the First crusaders to swear to him causing much resentment?
Oath
What had Louis VII planned before the fall of Edessa in 1144?
Pilgrimage to Jerusalem
What happened to the Byzantine coinage before 1092 that undermined economic confidence?
Debasement
What increased feudal obligation as a possible motivation for Second crusaders?
Participation of kings
What made knights want to be as heroic as their ancestors on the First Crusade?
social pressure
What major tax for kings of Jerusalem came from harbour dues at Acre?
the chaine
What meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder?
Sanctified violence
What motivating factor can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin on the First Crusade?
Economic greed
What Muslim military in 1119 victory created a response in the Latin West, prompting fresh crusading and the Templars?
Field of Blood
What name had been given to non-Muslims who had paid tax for living under Islamic rule before the crusades?
dhimmis
What name is given to the districts in towns that were under the control of Italian city-states?
quarters
What new coinage did Alexius I create in 1092 to restore economic confidence?
Hyperpyron
What percentage of compensation that would have been owed to a Frank was paid to non-Franks?
Fifty
What relic’s removal to travel with the king of Jerusalem unnerved the population of his kingdom?
True Cross
What religious order had predated the crusades but was refounded in 1113 and was increasingly military by 1130?
Hospitallers
What role was never really fulfilled by Franks due to the position of native peoples in the rural economy?
Peasants
What rural buildings were usually shared by the Franks and indigenous Christians?
Churches
What seems to have remained largely unaffected by wars between the Franks and the Muslims?
Trade
What stirred up anti-Semitism leading to pogroms in Germany in 1096 that were against papal intentions?
People’s Crusade
What tax of goods sold in the city of Jerusalem was very profitable to its kings?
the plateaticum
What term refers to the religious practices and faith of those who were not in traditional holy orders?
Lay piety
What term was used to refer to Greek Orthodox Christians loyal to Byzantium?
Melkites
What title was given to the heads of Muslim villages that ran their own communities?
ra’is
What treaty was signed in 1108 in which Bohemond I recognised Byzantine overlordship of Antioch?
Devol
What was a desire to travel to holy places, the most important of which was Jerusalem?
Pilgrimage
What was a later Latin insertion into the Nicene Creed (a statement of core Christian beliefs) which the Byzantines rejected?
Filoque Clause
What was a motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific First Crusade appeal to senior European nobles?
Feudal ties
What was a promise made to crusaders that previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part?
Remittance of sins
What was a relic that had become holy through proximity to a saint?
Brandea
What was a relic that was literally a part of a saint and was usually the focus of pilgrimage?
Bodily relic
What was an act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins, possibly including pilgrimage?
Penance
What was an attempt to limit Christians from killing certain Christian people?
Peace of God
What was an attempt to limit Christians killing each other at certain times?
Truce of God
What was an increasingly common law that meant eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with very little?
Primogeniture
What was belief that saints acted as intercessors to God and that they existed in a hierarchy?
Cult of saints
What was Bernard keen to suppress during his preaching of the Second Crusade?
Anti-Semitism
What was composed of the bishops and nobles of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Haute Cour
What was difficult for Muslims to wage against Franks between 1099 and 1124 due to a perceived lack of correct authority?
Jihad
What was Ebles of Roucy accused of repeatedly plundering which casts doubt on his piety?
The Church
What was established to deal with issues between Franks and non-Franks?
Cour de la Fonde
What was helpful to the morale of the First crusaders in the battle with Kerbogha at Antioch?
Holy Lance
What was Il-Ghazi allegedly fond of that may have made him a poor role model for Muslim unity?
Alcohol
What was investiture about the control over the appointment of?
bishops
What was motivating factor can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin on the First Crusade?
Economic greed
What was offered to crusaders by the papal bull for the Second Crusade?
Remittance of sins
What was paid by all non-Frankish people in Outremer?
Poll Tax
What was the branch if Islam that the Seljuk Turks had converted to?
Sunni
What was the branch of Islam that the Fatimids belonged to?
Isma’ili Shia
What was the civilized (Roman) world as perceived by the Byzantines? It was equated with Constantinople which they worked to protect at all costs.
Oukoumene
What was the clash between killing and sin that was solved by sanctified violence such as crusading or joining a military order?
Knightly dilemma
What was the collective name given to the five ancient seats of Christian power?
Pentarchy
What was the conflict that erupted between papacy and German emperor?
Investiture
What was the divison between Latin and Byzantine Christians that had occurred in 1054?
Great Schism
What was the name given to laymen who fought on the pope’s behalf?
Milites Christi
What was the name of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims who became experts in covert, asymmetric warfare?
Assassins
What was the name of the papal bull that launched the Second Crusade?
Quantum Praedecessores
What was the only city in Muslim territory near Aleppo that defied Zengi by the end of 1135?
Homs
What was the power that popes claimed as Peter’s spiritual successor?
Petrine Authority
What was the pre-1950s view that Franks and Muslims integrated and developed a shared culture?
Harmonious relationship
What was the punishment for males for sexual relationships with a woman of a different religion?
Castration
What was the sales tax that Alexius I exempted Venetian traders from in 1082?
Kommerkion
What were imposed upon the Byzantine-backed Greek Orthodox priests?
Latin bishops
What were many of the Italian city-states exempt from due to their role in capturing coastal cities?
Taxation
What were natural phenomena ascribed to God giving direct instructions to undertake the First crusade?
Signs and Wonders
What were of vital importance to the First crusaders at Jerusalem?
Siege Equipment
What were replaced with Latin ones resulting in enormous resentment by Greek Orthodox Christians?
Patriarchs
What were the ‘Italian quarters’ of the coastal cities they helped to capture exempt from?
Taxation
What were the Principality of Galilee, County of Jaffa and Lordships of Sidon and Montreal in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Great fiefs
what year was Boutimites sent to secure the remaining Byzantine holdings in Cilicia from Frankish attack?
1103
When did Alexius I pay off the Pechenegs with a large bribe?
1087
When did Alexius I’s Seljuk ally Sulayman die?
1086
When did cooperation between Aleppo and Damascus collapse upon the death of Unur?
August 1149
When did Gregory VII offer to help Byzantium in response to Manzikert?
March 1074
When did Henry IV resume appointing bishops to the anger of Gregory VII?
June 1075
When did Il-Ghazi die, leading to the succession of his nephew Balak?
1122
When did Il-Ghazi threaten Antioch again, causing Baldwin II to march north to his barons’ annoyance?
June 1120
When did John II succeed Alexius I as Byzantine emperor?
1118
When did Mawdud become Atabeg of Mosul after recapturing it from the rebellious Jawali?
1109
When did Nicaea fall into the hands of the Selkuk leader Sulayman?
1078
When did Nicaea surrender to the Byzantines?
June 1097
When did Nureddin and Unur assist Raymond II of Tripoli against his rival and cousin, Bertram?
September 1148
When did Nureddin succeed his father Zengi and begin to unite Muslims?
September 1146
When did the army of Il-Ghazi surround the army of Roger of Antioch?
28 June 1119
When did the help sent from the Venetians after the Field of Blood arrive?
May 1123
When did the Normans invade the Byzantine territory of Epirus?
1081
When did Zengi attack and seize the city of Edessa?
24 December 1144
When had the Pisans gained trade privileges with the Byzantines?
1111
When was Baldwin II forced to abandon his siege of Aleppo after Aqsonqur’s arrival?
January 1125
When was John II forced to sign a treaty with the Venetians restoring their trade privileges?
August 1126
When was Nizam al-Mulk, de facto ruler of the Seljuk Empire, murdered?
1092
When was Quantum Praedecessores issued launching the Second Crusade?
December 1145
When was the Battle of Manzikert?
August 1071
When was the college of cardinals that elected popes established?
1059
When was the council of Clermont that launched the First Crusade?
November 1095
When was the Hospitallers role in supporting sick pilgrims in Outremer first specifically recognised?
1113
When was the Turkish emir of Apamea killed by the Assassins?
1106
When was the Turkish emir of Homs murdered by the Assassins?
1103
When was there a massacre of pilgrims that in addition to Field of Blood led to the Templars’ creation?
Easter 1119
When was Zengi murdered in his sleep by his own servant as he pushed his army towards Damascus?
September 1146
When were the crusading forces of the Aquitanians and Bavarians destroyed by the Turks at Heraclea?
September 1101
When were the Muslims expelled from or killed in Jerusalem?
July 1099
Where did an alliance of Masud of Rum and the Danishmends defeat the French Second Crusaders in January 1148?
Mount Cadmus
Where did Bohemond go after his release from prison in 1104?
Western Europe
Where did Conrad III divide his Second Crusade forces after internal divisions?
Nicaea
Where did Gregory VII die in exile in May 1085?
Salerno
Where did Henry IV beg barefoot for forgiveness in the snow for three days in January 1077?
Canossa
Where did leaders of the kingdom of Jerusalem meet and agree to ask for European aid in 1120?
Nablus
Where did Nureddin and Unur’s armies confront and kill Raymond of Antioch in June 1149?
Inab
Where did secret negotiations result in the garrison’s surrender, increasing the First crusaders’ sense of betrayal?
Nicaea
Where did Sulayman come to Alexius I’s rescue with 7,000 men in 1083?
Larissa
Where did the battle of the Field of Blood take place?
Sarmuda
Where did the Byzantine and Turkish forces clash in 1071?
Manzikert
Where did the count of Edessa often live (far away from Edessa itself)?
Turbessel
Where did the crusaders and Franks meet to decide upon a target in June 1148?
Acre
Where did the First crusaders pull down the walls to force their leaders to push on?
Ma’arrat
Where did the Franks defeat a Muslim army in January 1126 but fail in their objective to capture Damascus?
Marj al-Saffar
Where did the Norwegian crusaders defeat Muslim opponents at Sintra, Lisbon and Alkasse in 1108?
Iberia
Where else did Eugenius III grant crusading privileges against Muslims?
Spain
Where had Joscelin II taken up residence in late 1144 leaving Edessa vulnerable?
Turbessel
Where was a large part of the crusade of that year was destroyed by the Turks in early August 1101?
Mersivan
Where was Henry IV trapped between 1092 and 1097?
Verona
Where was the large crusading force of William of Nevers were destroyed by the Seljuks in late August 1101?
Heraclea
Where was the People’s Crusade destroyed by Kilij Arslan’s Seljuk Turks in October 1096?
Civetot
Where were permanent Muslim populations relatively uncommon?
Towns
Where were strict punishments laid out to forbid sexual relations between Christians and Muslims in 1120?
Council of Nablus
Where were the German forces annihilated by the Turks in October 1147?
Dorylaeum
Where, in 1078, did Gregory VII forbid lay investiture?
Roman Synod
Where, outside Damascus, did the Second Crusaders unwisely move to in late June 1148?
Arid East
Where, outside Damascus, were the Second Crusaders first camped in late June 1148?
Well-watered orchards
Which Aleppan preacher helped to raise the morale of Muslim forces before the Field of Blood?
Ibn al-Khashshab
Which archbishopric was the flashpoint for the papal and imperial conflict in 1075?
Milan
Which Armenian general deserted the Byzantines after Manzikert and took over Antioch in 1078?
Phileretus
Which Atabeg of Mosul achieved a major victory over the Franks at the Battle of Harran in 1104?
Jikirmush
Which battle against the Fatimids did remnants of the Crusade of 1101 assist the Franks at in 1102?
Ramlah (2nd)
Which battle marked a significant victory for Jikirmish of Mosul and Sokman of Mardin in 1104?
Harran
Which battle of the First Crusade resulted in the decisive defeat of Kilij Arslan in July 1197?
Dorylaeum
Which battle resulted in the annihilation of the Pechenegs in 1091?
Lebounion
Which branch of Islam was followed by the Abbasids and the Seljuk Turks?
Sunni
Which branch of Islam was followed by the Fatimids?
Ismaili Shia
Which brother of Louis VII had died before fulfilling his crusading oath?
Philip
Which Byzantine city in southern Italy fell to the Normans in 1071?
Bari
Which Byzantine emperor’s support and overlordship had Antioch and Edessa undermined?
John II
Which Byzantine island did the Normans repeatedly invade in the 1080s?
Corfu
Which Byzantine Island did the Venetian crusaders attempt to seize in 1122-23?
Corfu
Which Byzantine territory was essential to provisioning the First Crusaders at Antioch?
Cyprus
Which candidate did Gregory VII unsuccessfully put forward as archbishop of Milan in oppostion to Tedald (the imperial candidate)?
Atto
Which capable Fatimid vizier was killed by the Assassins in 1121?
Al-Afdal
Which castle secured the road from Antioch to Beirut and was critical to the Frankish North?
Krak des Chavaliers
Which castle was built by Baldwin I in 1115 to expand south and control a trade route?
Montreal
Which castle was built by Baldwin I in 1117 to menace Muslim Tyre?
Scandalion
Which castle was built by Baldwin I to block the road from Damascus to Tyre in 1105?
Toron
Which charismatic preacher and leader of the People’s crusade in 1096 was religiously motivated?
Peter the Hermit
Which Christian leader fought for Christian and Muslim states in Spain?
El Cid
Which Christian ruler of Leon had an alliance with the Muslim prince al-Qadir?
Alfonso VI
Which Christians were prominent in the county of Tripoli and the northernmost kingdom of Jerusalem?
Maronites
Which church council of Pope Honorius II established the rule of the Templars in 1129?
Council of Troyes
Which city along with Mamistra and Adana did John II reconquer from the Armenians in 1137?
Tarsus
Which city along with Shaizar, Homs and Hama was Raymond to rule instead of Antioch?
Aleppo
Which city and port for Jerusalem was captured by the First Crusade in June 1099?
Jaffa
Which city did Baldwin II launch an abortive campaign against in 1129, exploiting the new aid?
Damascus
Which city did John II besiege with Raymond of Antioch and Joscelin of Edessa in 1138?
Shaizar
Which city did Nureddin recapture from Joscelin II’s opportunistic attack in late 1146?
Edessa
Which city did Raymond of Antioch unsuccessfully urge Louis VII to attack?
Aleppo
Which city did Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus compete to take from the First crusaders?
Antioch
Which city did Sulayman gain possession of in 1084-85?
Antioch
Which city did Tancred capture from Byzantium along with Mamistra and Tarsus in 1101?
Adana
Which city did the First crusaders spend eight months besieging before they captured it in June 1098?
Antioch
Which city did the Norwegian crusaders help the Franks of Outremer to capture in 1110?
Sidon
Which city did the Seljuk Abu l’Kasim capture in 1091?
Nicomedia
Which city recently regained by the Fatimids was captured by the First Crusade on 15 July 1099 after a one-month siege?
Jerusalem
Which city was captured by the Franks to secure the creation of the last of the crusader states in 1109?
Tripoli
Which city was captured in Baldwin II’s reign (1124) with the aid of Venice?
Tyre
Which city was recaptured for the Byzantines by the First Crusade in June 1097?
Nicaea
Which city were Arab traders banned from living in?
Jerusalem
Which city’s capture in 1104 by Baldwin I was of massive importance?
Acre
Which city’s capture prompted the Eugenius II to issue a call to crusade?
Edessa
Which city’s siege did Balak not get to because he was fighting a rebel when he died in 1124?
Tyre
Which city-state benefitted financially from its assistance in the capture of Arsuf, Caesarea and Acre?
Genoa
Which city-state benefitted financially from its assistance in the capture of Tyre in 1124?
Venice
Which class tended to live in the cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem rather than their great country estates?
nobility
Which crusader state begrudged the lack of Antiochene support at the siege of Tyre?
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Which crusader state did Joscelin II come into conflict with meaning he got no support in 1144?
Principality of Antioch
Which crusader state had the largest concentration of Muslim inhabitants and received the most support from Western Europe and pilgrims?
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Which crusader state received least support from Europe and was most exposed?
County of Edessa
Which crusader state was slow to respond to Edessa’s plight because its king was young?
Jerusalem
Which crusader state was the last to be formed and was ruled by descendants of Raymond of Toulouse?
County of Tripoli
Which Damascene jurist who was the first to preach jihad against the Franks in 1105?
al-Sulami
Which daughter of Baldwin II did Raymond II of Tripoli marry in 1137?
Hodierna
Which daughter of Baldwin II married Fulk in 1129 to bring new leadership and aid?
Melisende
Which daughter of Baldwin II’s attempts to rule in Antioch after 1130 caused instability?
Alice
Which daughter of Unur of Damascus did Nureddin marry in 1147 as part of a new alliance?
Ismat
Which defeated Fatimid prince were the Assassins the followers of?
Nizar
Which document, written by Gregory VII, laid out powers claimed by the papacy?
Dictatus Papae
Which Eastern Christians were numerous in the states of Antioch and Edessa?
Armenians
Which ethnic group made up the majority of the population in the principality of Antioch?
Greeks
Which event in 1064-65 had demonstrated the danger in Palestine?
Great German Pilgrimage
Which ‘fanatical’ group revived Muslim power in Spain after 1087?
Almoravids
Which Fatimid city did Fulk surround by castles including Blanche Garde and Ibelin?
Ascalon
Which Fatimid vizier did the Assassins murder on the streets of Cairo in 1121?
Al-Afdal
Which fierce nomadic group threatened the northern Byzantine lands in the 1080s?
Pechenegs
Which First Crusade battle resulted in the decisive defeat of Kilij Arslan?
Dorylaeum
Which First Crusade leader initially refused Alexius I’s overlordship, leading to cutting of his food supplies and his attack on Constantinople?
Godfrey of Bouillon
Which First Crusade leader was on good terms with Alexius I after the First Crusade due to mutual hatred of Bohemond?
Raymond of Toulouse
Which followers of the Syrian Orthodox Church were on generally amicable terms with the Franks?
Jacobites
Which fortress south of Antioch did the Franks continually fail to hold from the Turks?
Rafaniya
Which Frankish baron did the Franks of the Kingdom of Jerusalem want to rule Damascus after its expected capture?
Guy Brisbarre
Which Frankish leader came to the rescue of Antioch after the defeat at the Field of Blood in 1119?
Baldwin II
Which Frankish leader did most to expand the territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Baldwin I
Which Frankish leader did Unur of Damascus’s forces capture and kill in March 1137?
Pons of Tripoli
Which Frankish leader of Antioch was killed at the Field of Blood in 1119?
Roger of Salerno
Which Frankish leader played a major early role in the expansion of Antioch at Byzantine expense?
Tancred
Which Frankish leader was captured by the Turkish warlord Balak in 1122?
Joscelin I
Which Frankish leader was captured by the Turkish warlord Balak in April 1123?
Baldwin II
Which French church had Louis VII been excommunicated for burning down in 1142?
Vitry
Which French crusader did Louis VII and Conrad III want to rule Damascus after its expected capture?
Thierry of Flanders
Which great office had the supreme military function (under the king) in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Constable
Which Great Seljuk Sultan from 1118 was too distracted by rivals and civil war to directly aid the Muslim Near East?
Ahmed Sanjar
Which Greek patriarch of Antioch did Bohemond replace?
John the Oxite
Which group damaged Muslim chances of defeating the crusaders by killing prominent leaders?
Assassins
Which group descended from Vikings conquered Byzantine southern Italy?
Normans
Which group had no representation on the Cour de la Fonde that heavily favoured Franks?
Muslims
Which group led a minor crusade that assisted in the capture of Sidon in 1110?
Norwegians
Which group of entirely nomadic Turks were often allies of the Seljuks?
Turcomans
Which group of Seljuk Turks established themselves in north-eastern Anatolia?
Danishmends
Which group rescued Joscelin I of Edessa from captivity in 1123?
Armenians
Which group was most frequently the target of warfare from the Seljuk Turks?
Fatimids
Which group was Sultan Muhammad I distracted by fighting between 1105 and 1118?
Nizari Ismailis
Which groups mostly aided Outremer by the end of the 1120s through raising money in the Latin West?
Military Orders
Which historian argued that Franks lived in the towns and separately from other groups?
Prawer
Which historian argued that the Franks did integrate to a degree in that they shared villages with other Christians?
Ellenblum
Which immense castle did Raymond II donate to the Hospitallers by 1144?
Krak des Chevaliers
Which Italian city-state responded to the request made for aid after the Field of Blood?
Venice
Which key city was captured from the Muslims in Spain in 1085?
Toledo
Which key Fatimid adviser and vizier died in 1094?
Badr al-Jamali
Which key port was captured from the Byzantines by Tancred in 1103?
Lattakieh
Which key town did Zengi lose to Fulk in 1140 after Unur sided with the Franks against him?
Banias
Which king of Jerusalem died in 1118 leaving no children and a potentially disputed succession?
Baldwin I
Which king of Jerusalem died in 1143 leaving a child to succeed him?
Fulk
Which king of Sicily refused to aid Outremer after his mother’s humiliation by Baldwin I?
Roger II
Which Latin leader joined the Damascus Crusade as part of his obligation to his new father-in-law, Baldwin II?
Fulk of Anjou
Which Latin priest became the patriarch of Antioch in 1100, angering the Byzantines?
Bernard of Valence
Which leader helped to capture Tyre in 1124 when Baldwin II was in captivity?
Pons of Tripoli
Which leader of the Templars played the main role in recruiting forces for the Damascus Crusade?
Hugh de Payns
Which legitimate challenger to Raymond II’s rulership of Tripoli died mysteriously in 1148?
Alfonso-Jordan
Which long reigning Fatimid caliph died in 1094?
al-Mustansir
Which major port city was captured in 1124 with the assistance of the Venetians?
Tyre
Which meeting formalised and codified many of the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1120?
Council of Nablus
Which military order was founded in 1119, partly as an outlet for ‘lay piety’ and joined the unsuccessful Frankish siege of Damascus in November 1129??
Templars
Which mother of Henry IV did Gregory VII hope to recruit to aid Byzantium in 1074?
Agnes
Which Muslim city in North Africa was attacked by Genoa and Pisa in 1087?
Mahdia
Which Muslim city was captured by Raymond of Toulouse with help from the remnants of the Crusade of 1101?
Tortosa
Which Muslim group gained Cadmus Castle in 1132 and Maysuf Castle in 1140?
Assassins
Which Muslim leader scored a comprehensive victory against the Franks in 1119?
Il-Ghazi
Which Muslim leader was murdered on the streets of Damascus in 1113?
Mawdud of Mosul
Which Muslim leader’s dispute with his brother Duqaq of Damascus, hampered efforts to defeat the First crusaders?
Ridwan
Which Muslim leader’s dispute with his brother Ridwan of Aleppo, hampered efforts to defeat the crusaders?
Duqaq
Which Muslim people posed the greatest threat to Byzantine Anatolia at this time?
Seljuk Turks
Which Muslim ruler of Mosul gained control of Aleppo in 1128 and became the major threat to the Franks?
Zengi
Which Muslim territory did the papacy support the Norman conquest of?
Sicily
Which nation’s continuing claims on Antioch made it feel even less secure after the defeat of 1119?
Byzantium
Which nephew and successor of Il-Ghazi sought to build upon the mythos surrounding his uncle’s victory?
Balak
Which Norman leader did Gregory VII forge an alliance with?
Robert Guiscard
Which Norman mercenary deserted and established his own independent lordship in 1073?
Roussel of Bailleul
Which Norman ruler’s attacks on Byzantium limited its willingness to help the Second Crusade?
Roger II of Sicily
Which Norwegian king led his supporters on a crusade which contributed to the capture of Sidon in 1110?
Sigurd
Which patriarch attempted to reassert the idea of church rule in Jerusalem between 1128 and 1130?
Stephen
Which Patriarch of Constantinople did Alexius I forge a highly effective relationship with?
Nicholas III Grammatikos
Which Patriarch of Jerusalem assisted in the creation of the Templars and oversaw the 1124 siege of Tyre?
Warmund
Which Patriarch of Jerusalem tried to take control of the city in 1100 and then tried to give it to Behemond in 1100?
Daimbert
Which patriarch of Jerusalem was reprimanded in 1114 for having performed a Christian-Muslim wedding?
Arnulf
Which people attempted to forge an alliance with the First crusaders at Antioch?
Fatimids
Which person accompanied the First crusaders as Alexius’ representative and guide?
Taticius
Which person murdered Ismail of Damascus in 1135 to stop her son delivering it to Zengi?
Zumurrud
Which pope backed Bohemond’s failed crusade against the Byzantines in 1107-08?
Paschal II
Which pope backed campaigns in Spain against Muslims in 1073, 1078 and 1080?
Gregory VII
Which pope called for a Second Crusade in December 1145?
Eugenius III
Which pope encouraged the Venetian Crusade of 1122-24 and renewed crusading indulgences?
Calixtus II
Which pope had asked the Normans to conquer Sicily from Muslims in the name of Christianity in 1059?
Nicholas II
Which pope had first promised an indulgence to those who fought in Spain in 1063?
Alexander II
Which pope launched the First Crusade as a form of Holy War in 1095?
Urban II
Which pope made the Hospitallers answerable only to the papacy (and not Frankish rulers) in 1113?
Paschal II
Which pope made the Hospitallers answerable only to the papacy (and not Frankish rulers) in 1113?
Honorius II
Which pope reprimanded the patriarch of Jerusalem in 1114 for performing a Christian-Muslim wedding?
Paschal II
Which pope supported the attack on Mahdia in 1087?
Victor III
Which potential Second Crusade target was rejected by the Haut Cour at Acre in June 1148?
Ascalon
Which powerful Queen of France accompanied Louis VII on the Second Crusade?
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Which preacher sought aid from the Abbasids in the 1110s and inspired Muslim forces at the Field of Blood?
Ibn al-Khashshab
Which Prince of Antioch was killed in battle in 1130 just four years after his arrival?
Bohemond II
Which prominent Latin churchman wrote ‘In Praise of the New Knighthood’ in 1130 supporting the Templars?
Bernard of Clairvaux
Which regent of Aleppo had been murdered in 1117, allowing Il-Ghazi to take control?
Lu’lu
Which regent of Antioch until 1112 refused to acknowledge Byzantine overlordship?
Tancred
Which regent of Antioch until 1119 refused to acknowledge Byzantine overlordship?
Roger of Salerno
Which rivals dynasty opposed to Zengi had Joscelin II allied himself with?
Artuqids
Which route did Conrad III take across Anatolia in 1147 against Byzantine advice?
Overland
Which route did Louis VII take across Anatolia during the Second Crusade?
Coastal
Which ruler of Aleppo between 1124 and 1125 was mainly concerned with taking his brother’s lands?
Timurtash
Which ruler of Antioch between 1126 and 1130 refused to acknowledge Byzantine overlordship?
Bohemond II
Which ruler of Damascus died from wounds inflicted by the Assassins in 1132?
Buri
Which ruler of Damascus from August 1149 returned to an alliance with the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Abaq
Which ruler of Edessa had established an alliance with Zengi’s Artuqid enemies in Summer 1144?
Joscelin II
Which ruler of Mosul was delayed in his attack on Antioch in 1098 by his attempt to increase his own lands?
Kerbogha
Which ruler of Mosul was killed by the Assassins in 1126 shortly after being made ruler of Aleppo?
Aqsonqur
Which ruler of Tripoli was temporarily captured by Zengi in Summer 1137?
Raymond II
Which seized the Byzantine throne in 1081 and was excommunicated by Gregory VII?
Alexius I
Which Seljuk ruler was killed by rivals in 1105, the same year as he came to power?
Malik Shah II
Which Seljuk Sultan died in 1092 after a successful twenty year reign?
Malik Shah
Which Seljuk Sultan of Rum’s forces defeated the German Second Crusade at 2nd Dorylaeum in October 1147?
Masud
Which significant fortress was built in 1142 to give access to the Red Sea in the south?
Kerak
Which social tie played an important role in the participation of First crusade leaders like Baldwin and Tancred?
Kinship
Which son of Zengi gained Aleppo and Edessa after his father’s death in 1146?
Nureddin
Which son of Zengi gained Mosul after his father’s death in 1146?
Sayf ad-Din
Which Spanish city did Urban II encourage Christians to rebuild?
Tarragona
Which state’s ruler had Joscelin II of Edessa fallen out with before 1144?
Antioch
Which territory was the focus for most conflict between Seljuks and Fatimids?
Levant
Which town between Tyre and Damascus was the only gain of the Damascus Crusade of 1129?
Banyas
Which town in the kingdom of Jerusalem had a significant Jewish community?
Haifa
Which tribal group did Alexius I ally with to destroy the Pechenegs?
Cumans
Which Turkish atabeg controlled Damascus from 1104 until 1128?
Tughtegin
Which Turkish forces attacked John II of Byzantium’s supply lines in Anatolia in 1138 whilst he besieged Shaizar?
Danishmends
Which Turkish leader established Rum and forged a cloe alliance with Alexius I in 1081?
Sulayman
Which Turkish leader of Aleppo was killed fighting Muslims in 1124?
Balak
Which Turkish leader was fighting the Danishmends when the crusaders attacked Nicaea in 1097?
Kilij Arslan
Which Turkish warlord established an independent lordship based around Smyrna?
Caka
Which type of European aid rarely came to Edessa?
Pilgrims
Which vice did Il-Ghazi have that limited his appeal as a Muslim role model?
Alcoholism
Which warrior emerged as the de facto ruler of Damascus from 1132 until his death in 1149?
Unur
Who achieved a notable Muslim victory against Frankish Antioch at the Field of Blood in 1119?
Il-Ghazi
Who administered royal finances and dispensed justice in the king’s place in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Seneschal
Who became Atabeg of Mosul after murdering Jikurmush in 1106?
Jawali
Who became ruler of Antioch in late 1098 in violation of the oaths the crusaders had taken?
Bohemond
Who became the Latin patriarch of Antioch in 1100?
Bernard of Valence
Who betrayed the city of Antioch to the First crusaders in June 1098?
Firouz
Who betrayed the emperor at Manzikert by leaving the emperor in jeopardy?
Andronikos Doukas
Who captured Joscelin I of Edessa in 1122 and Baldwin II of Jerusalem in 1123?
Balak
Who competed with his brother Musta’li for the Fatimid throne in 1094?
Nizar
Who competed with his brother Nizar for the Fatimid throne in 1094?
Musta’li
Who dealt with drawing up deeds and charters and directed the diplomatic service in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Chancellor
Who did Alexius I send in 1111 to try to persuade Baldwin I to support him against Tancred?
Boutoumites
Who did Balak capture in April 1123?
Baldwin II
Who did Balak capture in the autumn of 1122?
Joscelin I of Edessa
Who did Baldwin I of Jerusalem bigamously marry in 1112 and then abandon in 1118 angering the Sicilians?
Adeleide
Who did Bernard inspire to participate in the Second Crusade when he was in Germany?
Conrad III
Who did Constantine of Antioch marry in 1136 to bring new leadership and manpower?
Raymond of Poitiers
Who did Gregory VII excommunicate in 1078 for usurping the Byzantine throne?
Nikephorus III
Who did John II fight against in Anatolia between 1130 and 1135?
Danishmends
Who did John II wish to assist the northern Franks against?
Zengi
Who did Joscelin II form an alliance with leaving Edessa lightly defended in 1144?
Kara Arslan
Who did Louis VII alienate after previously refusing to help Raymond of Antioch?
Raymond II of Tripoli
Who did not join the First Crusade in person due to the bitterness and resentment of its leaders?
Alexius I
Who did pope Eugenius III recruit to preach the Second Crusade?
Bernard of Clairvaux
Who did Raymond II consider to blame for the death of his father Pons?
Syrian Christians
Who did Raymond of Antioch and Joscelin II of Edessa fail to help in 1138?
John II
Who did the Byzantines believe had been the first Bishop of Rome rather than St. Peter?
Linus
Who did the Fatimids wish to depose and the Seljuks theoretically support?
Abbasid caliph
Who did the Normans use in their armies that casts doubt on their religious motivation?
Muslim soldiers
Who died in 1100 after just one year of weakly ruling Jerusalem, leaving no children?
Godfrey of Bouillon
Who expanded the future County of Tripoli by capturing Tortosa and Gibelet from Muslims by 1105?
Raymond of Toulouse
Who formally acknowledged that he was John II’s vassal in 1137?
Raymond of Antioch
Who fought Muslims to expand the Principality of Antioch, as shown by his victory at Artah in 1105?
Tancred
Who had encouraged the migration of Christians of all types to his kingdom before 1118?
Baldwin I
Who had made peace with Seljuk Rum so that he could deal with the Norman threat?
Manuel I
Who helped secure the release of Raymond by Tancred (1100) and Bohemond by the Danishmends (1103)?
Bernard of Valence
Who increasingly asserted his independence from the Kingdom of Jerusalem by the early 1120s?
Pons of Tripoli
Who killed Ibn al-Khashshab in 1125 after he led massacres against the Nizari?
The Assassins
Who launched a crusade against the Byzantines in 1107 that collapsed at Dyrrhachium in September 1108?
Bohemond
Who led a coup against Nikephorus III in 1081 and ruled Byzantium until 1118?
Alexius I
Who led a papally-backed campaign to Spain to fight Muslims in 1073?
Ebles of Roucy
Who led an uprising against the Byzantine emperor and replaced him in 1078?
Nikephorus III
Who led Frankish resistance to Fulk in 1134 and then fled to exile after an assassination attempt?
Hugh of Jaffa
Who led the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert?
Alp Arslan
Who left the siege of Antioch in February 1098?
Taticius
Who murdered her son to prevent Zengi from gaining Damascus in 1135 but then married him in 1138?
Zumurrud
Who participated in crusading in 1120, bringing 100 knights with him?
Fulk of Anjou
Who persuaded Alexius I to abandon his plans to support the First Crusade at Antioch?
Stephen of Blois
Who remained a captive after the battle of Harran (1104) when Tancred chose money over his release?
Baldwin II of Edessa
Who replaced Romanus IV as emperor between 1071 and 1078?
Michael VII
Who resettled a group of Jacobites from east of the river Jordan to south of Jerusalem?
Baldwin I
Who was a charismatic preacher and leader of the People’s crusade, he was religiously motivated?
Peter the Hermit
Who was a First crusader motivated by social pressure from his wife and family?
Stephen of Blois
Who was a German count who led his ‘crusading’ forces in a pogrom against the Jews of the Rhineland?
Emicho
Who was captured in 1123 after coming north to look after the County of Edessa?
Baldwin II
Who was captured in battle in 1122 and became a prisoner of Balak?
Joscelin I
Who was close to Urban II and was sent to represent him as his papal legate on the First Crusade?
Bishop Adhemar
Who was imprisoned by Tancred in 1102 until he lied and promised not to take territory between Acre and Antioch?
Raymond of Toulouse
Who was Kilij Arslan of Rum fighting in 1097 that meant he was away from Nicaea before crusaders arrived?
Danishmends
Who was pope between 1073 and 1085?
Gregory VII
Who was pope between 1086 and 1087?
Victor III
Who was pope between 1088 and 1099?
Urban II
Who was recognised as a rival pope by Henry IV between 1080 and 1100?
Clement III
Who was the Abbasid caliph that died in 1094?
al-Muqtadi
Who was the Byzantine emperor at the beginning of 1071?
Romanos IV
Who was the Latin Patriarch of Antioch between 1135 and 1139?
Roger of Domfort
Who was the Latin Patriarch of Antioch between 1139 and 1193?
Aimery of Limoges
Who was the most loyal supporter of Gregory VII in Italy?
Matilda of Tuscany
Who was the new king of Jerusalem from 1143?
Baldwin III
Who was the Norman First crusader hated by Alexius, known for his bravery and skill, looking for land and wealth?
Bohemond
Who was the royal chancellor that Baldwin II took with him on his intervention in the north in 1122?
Pagan
Who was the Seljuk sultan from 1105 to 1118?
Muhammad I Tapar
Who was the Seljuk sultan ruled from 1092 to 1105 and faced many rivals to his throne?
Barkiyaruq
Who was unable to defeat the crusaders at Antioch due to internal army divisions?
Kerbogha
Who, representing the Seljuk sultan, was defeated at Tell Danith in 1115?
Bursuq
Whose arguments with his mother, Melisende, added to the tensions on the Second Crusade?
Baldwin III
Whose death in 1095 led to Syria being divided between his two sons?
Tutush I
Whose death in 1128 further persuaded Baldwin II that Damascus was vulnerable to attack?
Tughtegin
Whose death in 1143 prevented him from returning to assert his rights over Antioch?
John II
Whose family had longstanding connections and friendship with the Byzantium and a history of pilgrimages?
Robert of Flanders
Whose large Muslim Turkish force did the First Crusade defeat outside late June 1098?
Kerbogha
Whose major weapon was their fleet, which threatened support for the Franks from the Latin West?
Fatimids
Whose military skill was decisive at Dorylaeum and Antioch on the First Crusade?
Bohemond
Whose relationship with the First Crusade collapsed after their failure to return Antioch to him?
Alexius I
Whose relief force’s imminent arrival caused the Second crusaders to flee from Damascus in late June 1148?
Nureddin
Why did the French lose significant forces in Anatolia during the Second Crusade?
Poor discipline
Why did the siege of Shaizar fail in 1138?
Frankish sabotage
Why had interest in crusading generally declined before 1144?
Failure of the 1101 crusade
Why was John II unable to remain in control of Antioch after 1138?
Internal revolt
Why was the county of Edessa geographically vulnerable to attack?
physically remote
With which head of the Jacobite Church did Bernard of Valence caused a dispute that was a problem for Antioch in 1118?
Athanasius
With whom had Joscelin II of Edessa fallen out by late 1144, reducing potential Frankish reinforcements?
Raymond of Antioch
