the pancrease and diabetes Flashcards
What do the exocrine glands in pancreas do?
juice factor, produces pancreatic juice which has digestive enzymes and sends it into the small intestine to break down proteins fat carbs
what do exocrine gland secret that break down proteins carbs and lipids state the name
Proteins using trypsin and chymotrypsin.
Carbohydrates using amylase.
Fats using lipase.
What does the endocrine part of pancrease do.
This part helps regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels by producing hormones like insulin and glucagon.
What do islets of Langerhans do?
release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar. simply they are blood sugar managers
What are the types of islets
-Alpha cells: Release glucagon to raise blood sugar levels when they’re low.
-Beta cells: Release insulin to lower blood sugar levels when they’re high.
-Delta cells: Release somatostatin, which stops both glucagon and insulin from being released when not needed.
What happens in Acute Pancreatitis
pancreatic ducts get blocked, pancreatic juice still gets produced but can’t flow out. This increases pressure, causing ducts to rupture and digestive enzymes (amylase and lipase) to spill into the pancreas. These enzymes damage the tissue and blood vessels, potentially leading to severe bleeding. The leaked enzymes can be detected in the blood.
What happens in the cells of people with cystic fibrosis
Chloride secretion decreases, sodium reabsorption increases, and water movement across cell membranes is affected
LIST what insulin does (does alot of things)
Made by pancrease:
1)Glucose entry into cells: It signals cells to take in glucose from the blood.
2)Energy use: It allows the body to use glucose as a source of energy.
3)Glucose storage: Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
4)Fat storage: It converts glucose into triglycerides, which are stored as fat in fat cells.
5)Protein synthesis: It helps amino acids enter cells and promotes the building of proteins
Explain type 1 diabetes.
Caused by insulin deficiency, meaning the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin.
It usually affects children and young adults.
Explain type 2 diabetes
Caused by the body’s inadequate response to insulin (the body doesn’t use insulin properly).
Explain Pancreatogenic diabetes
This type is caused by problems with the pancreas itself, including:
Chronic pancreatitis (often from alcohol use or cystic fibrosis).
Pancreatic cancer.
Autoimmunity or trauma to the pancreas.
Pancreatic surgery or resection (removal of part of the pancreas).
What happens in pre diabetes?
slightly (mild hyperglycemia), people may not notice any symptoms, or they might feel tired, thirsty, or need to urinate more often
Explain the pahtophysiology or what happens with diabetes.
occurs when glucose (sugar) from food is not used properly for energy, either because the body doesn’t make enough insulin (Type 1) or because the body becomes insulin resistant (Type 2).This means glucose can’t enter the cells and instead builds up in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Excess glucose (normal blood sugar is around 60-100 mg/dl) is then removed through the urine, taking water and electrolytes with it. This causes chronic dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
How does high blood sugar impact the body
Ketoacidosis: When the body can’t use glucose, it starts breaking down fat for energy, which can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious condition that causes metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the body), which can cause heart problems.
What is type 1 diabetes caused specifically by.
damage to the pancreatic islets, which are the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. In this autoimmune disease, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys these islets, specifically the CD8+ T cells that infiltrate and destroy them.
