Liver and Biliary system

Question 1

Simply state what the liver metabolises

Answer 1

Fats, proteins, glucose

Question 2

Simply state what the liver synthesis

Answer 2

Produces plasma proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and bile.

Question 3

What does the liver store

Answer 3

Stores iron, vitamin B12, and other materials.

Question 4

What does the liver produce?

Answer 4

thrombopoietin (TPO)

Question 5

What does portal vein do?

Answer 5

(70% of the blood) Brings blood from the spleen and digestive organs. This blood is rich in nutrients from the intestines but low in oxygen

Question 6

What does Hepatic artery do?

Answer 6

30% of blood Brings oxygen-rich blood to the liver, but this blood has fewer nutrients.

Question 7

What is the main way for liver diagnosis through blood?

Answer 7

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase): These are enzymes that liver cells release into the blood when they’re damaged. High levels can indicate liver injury.

Question 8

How is Heaptitis A transmitted/ managed.

Answer 8

Fecal contamination of food or water
-not chronic
-prevention: Vaccine

Question 9

How is hepatitis B transmitted/managed.

Answer 9

preads through blood or body fluids, mainly through sexual contact.
–vacine

Question 10

How is hepatitis B diagnosed.

Answer 10

-Presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in blood

Question 11

How is hepatitis C mainyl spread and diagnosed.

Answer 11

Blood, mainly from injection drug use (rarely sexual).

Question 12

How does Hepatitis D work?

Answer 12

Its a weak strain but with and can only co infect with Hepatistis B.

Question 13

Explain Hepatitis E

Answer 13

Similar to heaptitis A in that its transmited through fecal oral, acute only threat to immuneocompromised and pregnant women.
no immunization yet in canada but there is some in asian countires.

Question 14

What are the 3 stages of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

Answer 14

1)Alcoholic fatty liver: The mildest form, where fat builds up in liver cells. It’s reversible if alcohol use stops.
2)Alcoholic hepatitis: Liver cells start to degenerate and die (necrosis), with inflammation and neutrophil infiltration (immune response).
3) Alcoholic cirrhosis: The most severe stage, with scarring (fibrosis) that disrupts liver function permanently.

Question 15

What are mallory bodies and what do they indicate

Answer 15

-irregularly shaped pink deposits
-indicative of severe hepatic injury

Question 16

What is Cirrhosis

Answer 16

A condition where the liver becomes permanently scarred and damaged due to long-term injury, leading to impaired liver function and abnormal structure.

Question 17

What is Hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 17

Confusion and disorientation due to toxin buildup (ammonia).

Question 18

List the manefestations of cirrhosis

Answer 18

CHEAP
C-Clotting disorders: Liver can’t make enough clotting factors.
H-Hepatic encephalopathy: Confusion and disorientation due to toxin buildup (ammonia).
E-Estrogen increase: Leads to hormone imbalances (e.g., gynecomastia in men).
A-Ascites: Fluid buildup in the abdomen due to portal hypertension and low albumin.
P-Protein loss (albumin): Causes edema and low osmotic pressure.

Question 19

What causes portal hypertension in the liver?

Answer 19

Interruption of blood flow through the liver. Portal hypertension happens when blood circulation through the liver is blocked or reduced.

Question 20

What are esophageal varices, and why are they dangerous in portal hypertension?

Answer 20

Esophageal varices are swollen veins in the esophagus that form due to increased pressure from portal hypertension. They are dangerous because they can rupture and cause a fatal hemorrhage

Question 21

What is bile?

Answer 21

Bile is a watery solution produced by the liver that contains various dissolved substances, including conjugated bilirubin (a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown), bile salts (derived from cholesterol and amino acids), lecithin (a lipid), cholesterol, water, and minerals.

Question 22

Explain what bile is made of and how it works

Answer 22

-conjugated bilrubin=byproduct of RBC
-Bile salts= cholestrole and AA
Lecithin= fats

when you eat a fatty meal the gallblader which stores the bile contracts and releases bile salts and lecithin in the deodenum which break down the fats.

Question 23

How is bilrubin produced

Answer 23

yellow pigment produced by the liver from the breakdown of red blood cells. When red blood cells break down, the iron is reused, and the heme becomes bilirubin.

Question 24

Name the different types of jauncide

Answer 24

1)Hemolytic jaundice (prehapatic): too much break down of RBC leading to too much unconjugated bilirubin
2)Hepatocellular jaundice (Hepatic): Happens when liver damage (from disease or injury) prevents proper conjugation (processing) of bilirubin and its elimination. It can involve both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin.
3)Obstructive jaundice (Posthepatic): Occurs when a blockage in the bile duct (from a tumor or stone) prevents conjugated bilirubin from reaching the duodenum, causing it to accumulate.

Question 25

Explain the difference between Primary and Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis

Answer 25

Primary: autoimmune, body attacks bile ducts, chronic inflamation destroyed ducts over time

Secondary: Caused by a blockage of the larger extrahepatic bile ducts (outside the liver) due to things like gallstones, pancreatic cancer, or bile duct tumors. The obstruction increases pressure in the liver, leading to inflammation and scarring of liver cells (hepatocytes

Question 26

Brielfy explain Cholecystitis

Answer 26

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by a gallstone blocking the bile duct

Question 27

right upper abdominal pain can often be associated with?

Answer 27

Cholecystitis

Question 28

what is Reye Syndrome

Answer 28

condition that affects infants and children, usually after a viral illness (like the flu or chickenpox), especially when treated with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). The syndrome causes swelling in the liver and brain, leading to liver damage (fatty liver) and brain swelling, which can result in neurological dysfunction.