Gi tract Flashcards
How do cavitities happen
Bacteria produce acid which erode enamel and damage dentin.
What happens if decay moves past the dentin
reach the pulp inside the tooth, causing inflammation (pulpitis)
What protects teeth from cavitities
Saliva
What happens if gingivitis is left untreated
can progress to periodontal disease, where the infection spreads to the tissues supporting the teeth. This leads to the formation of small infection pockets between the teeth and gums, causing teeth to become loose and potentially fall out.
Name carcinomas of the oral cavity.
-Leukoplakia – white lesions
-Erythroplakia-depressed red lesions frequently
-Oral cancers readily metastasize – many nearby LN in head and neck (associated with smokers and drinkers)
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What condition is it called when you have a hard time swallowing
Esophageal sphinster dysfuncition
Explain the types of Esophagus sphinter – LES dysfunction
two types
1) Achalasia: Sphinter fails to open
2) Incompetent cardiac sphincter (Stays open and causes reflux).
What are some Complications of incompetent cardiac sphincter
1)Reflux Esophagitis: Irritation/ inflammation of esophagus lining due to constant acid exposure= can increase the risk of asthma.
2)Ulcers and Scarring: The lining of the esophagus can get damaged and develop ulcers, leading to scar tissue that can make the esophagus narrower.
3)Barrett Esophagus: The normal squamous cells in the esophagus change into a different type (columnar cells), which can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
What are the causes of Causes of Esophageal Obstruction
1)Carcinoma (Esophageal Cancer)
What happens: A tumor can develop anywhere in the esophagus, narrowing its passage (lumen) and growing into surrounding tissues.
2)Food Impaction(not swallow well)/Stricture (Narrowing)
3)Hiatal Hernia/rings:Part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm into the chest, which can press on the esophagus and cause blockages or symptoms of reflux.
What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
occurs when forceful retching or vomiting (often from excess alcohol intake or conditions like bulimia) causes tears in the lining of the esophagus.
What is Boerhaave Syndrome
involving a complete rupture (full-thickness tear) of the esophagus. (life threatning)
What is usually the main cause of Acute Gastritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme: Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen
COX-1: Promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that protects gastric mucosa
COX-2: Promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that mediates inflammation
How does helicobacter pylori work
gram-negative bacteria that lives on the surface of the stomach lining.
H. pylori produces urease, which turns urea into ammonia. The ammonia neutralizes stomach acid, helping the bacteria survive. It also breaks down the stomach’s protective mucus, making the stomach more vulnerable to damage.
What can h.pylori do
-Chronic gastritis,Increased cancer risk , Peptic ulcers.
What is Acute Enteritis/ what causes it
Common Acute Enteritis caused by Rotavirus and Norovirus (highly contageous)
self-limiting (goes away on its own)
Explain the mechanism behind why loos stool is associated with lactose intolarance.
body can’t digest lactose becuase lack of enzyme, Unabsorbed lactose in increases osomotic pressure which pulls water into the bowl.
Bacteria in the colon ferment the unabsorbed lactose, producing lactic acid and gas
Explain how celiac disease works
T cells, attacks the small intestine when gluten is consumed, causing inflammation. This inflammation increases the risk of intestinal cancer over time. Also the vili shrink over time which causes malabsorption and diarrhea
Explain Irritable Bowel Syndrome
crampy abdominal discomfort.Diagnosis made by exclusion – no structural or biochemical anomalies
People who remove appendix are more prone to what?
Increased C. Diff and GI infection
-evidence that the appendix plays a role in the immune system. Removing it has been linked to a higher risk of gastrointestinal (GI) infections.
Explain appendacitis
The appendix’s narrow opening can get blocked by fecal material. This blockage causes poor drainage, leading to a buildup of pressure inside the appendix.
Chronic enteritis includes ..
two major types of IBD
1) crohns disease:the entire bowel wall becomes inflamed. THICKNING of bowl wall.
2)Ulcerative colitis: affects the colon and rectum, with inflammation of only the inner lining of the bowel. inner lining inflamation
What causes antibiotic-associated colitis?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics destroy normal intestinal bacteria, allowing the growth of Clostridium difficile (C. diff),
Where is High intestinal obstruction and low intestinal obstruction located in
High intestinal obstruction :Small intestines
low intestinal obstruction:large intestine
What are Adhesions
bands of connective tissue that form in the abdomen, often after surgery. leading to an obstruction (blockage) in the bowel near where the adhesion forms.
How does A hernia occure
when a part of the bowel pushes through a small opening in the abdominal wall. This creates a pouch called a hernial sac
Explain the terms in how hernias react
Reducible hernia: Herniated loop of bowel can be pushed back into abdominal cavity
Incarcerated hernia: Cannot be pushed back
Strangulated hernia:Loop of bowel is tightly constricted, obstructing the blood supply to the herniated bowel; requires prompt surgical intervention to prevent infarction
Explain Volvulus
bowel twists around itself and the mesentery (the tissue that supports the intestines and contains blood vessels). This twisting causes a bowel obstruction and can cut off the blood supply.
How does Mesenteric Thrombosis
happen
Thrombosis of the superior mesenteric artery occurs when this artery, which supplies blood to the small intestine and the first half of the colon, becomes blocked
Explain Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis is when small pouches, called diverticula, form in weak spots of the colon wall. This happens when a low-fiber diet makes it harder to move stool through the colon, increasing pressure and pushing these pouches out.
Development of colorectal cancers are commonly associated with what types of mutations
APC gene
Why is there typically no blockage in the proximal part of the large intestine.
Cancer in the cecum and proximal colon (the first part of the colon) usually doesn’t cause a blockage because this part of the bowel is larger and the contents are soft
What are Hemorrhoids
varicose veins in rectum. Can be caused by pregnancy and low fiber fiet.
Explain Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa: person has an intense fear of gaining weight. restricts their diet
Bulimia nervosa: person binge eats and then tries to prevent weight gain through purging behaviors like vomiting, excessive exercise, or using laxatives.
