THE ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS AND PLANT CELLS

Question 1

the term physiology cam from the Greek words

Answer 1

physis (nature), logos (discourse)

Question 2

includes every living part in the cell

Answer 2

protoplasm

Question 3

the plasma membrane is ______, meaning it allows some materials to pass through but not others

Answer 3

semipermeable

Question 4

the balance of the protoplasm, exluding the nucleus but including other organelles is called

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

are composed primarily of lipids and proteins, with smaller amounts of carbohydrates

Answer 5

biological membranes

Question 6

________ are ampithatic molecules; they have two hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head

Answer 6

phospholipid

Question 7

diffusion of a phospholipid from one side of the bilayer to the other

Answer 7

flip-flop

Question 8

individual lipids and other hydrophobic molecules may diffuse very rapidly in the plane of the membrane

Answer 8

lateral diffusion

Question 9

also known as intrinsic protein, may consist of a single protein or large complexes made up of several proteins with additional non-protein components; embedded to the membrane

Answer 9

integral protein

Question 10

proteins attached to the membrane

Answer 10

peripheral protein

Question 11

liquid portion of the cytoplasm that is not included as one of the organelles

Answer 11

cytosol

Question 12

contains a variety of inorganic ions, organic acids, sugars, enzymes, and secondary metabolic products

Answer 12

vacuole

Question 13

membrane surrounding vacuole

Answer 13

tonoplast

Question 14

information center of the cell

Answer 14

nucleus

Question 15

membrane surrounding the nucleus

Answer 15

nuclear membrane

Question 16

the inner and outer nuclear membrane are fused at sites called

Answer 16

nuclear pores

Question 17

assembles and processes carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins that are transported to it

Answer 17

golgi appratus

Question 18

found in all but a few living cells and are central to the energy metabolism of cells; site of cellular respiration

Answer 18

mitochondria

Question 19

family of double membrane-bound organelles common to plant cells

Answer 19

plastids

Question 20

colorless plastids

Answer 20

leucoplasts

Question 21

leucoplasts that are site for starch accumulation

Answer 21

amyloplast

Question 22

contains photosynthetic pigments

Answer 22

chloroplasts

Question 23

contains pigments other than chlorophyll

Answer 23

chromoplasts

Question 24

small organelles bound by a single membrane

Answer 24

microbodies

Question 25

contain large amounts of enzyme catalase, which is used to remove often harmful metabolic byproducts

Answer 25

peroxisomes

Question 26

converts fatty acids to glucose through gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

gloxysomes

Question 27

sites of protein synthesis

Answer 27

ribosomes

Question 28

three dimensional, interconnected network of fibrous protein

Answer 28

cytoskeleton

Question 29

complex mixture of extracellular materials

Answer 29

ECM (extracellular matrix)

Question 30

surrounds young, actively growing cells

Answer 30

primary cell wall

Question 31

laid down as the cell matures and are no longer growing

Answer 31

secondary cell wall

Question 32

provides a means of cytoplasmic communication between cells

Answer 32

plasmodesmata

Question 33

continuous cytoplasmic network

Answer 33

symplast

Question 34

continuous non-cytoplasmic space

Answer 34

apoplast

Question 35

embryonic root

Answer 35

radicle

Question 36

embryonic leaf

Answer 36

plumule

Question 37

regions of continued cell divisin

Answer 37

meristems

Question 38

meristem at the apex if shoot and root

Answer 38

apical meristem

Question 39

apical meristem responsible for adding to the length of the shoot

Answer 39

primary growth

Question 40

increases girth and thickening if stems and roots by adding new vascular tissue to the primary body

Answer 40

secondary growth

Question 41

superficial tissue that forms a continuous layer iver the surface of the primary plant body

Answer 41

epidermis

Question 42

are found throughout the plant body in the cortical regions of stems and roots and in the mesophyll of leaves , and are scattered throughout the vascular tissues

Answer 42

parenchyma

Question 43

tissues that serve principally as strengthening and supporting elements

Answer 43

supporting tissues

Question 44

considered as parenchyma cells specialized for supporting young tissues

Answer 44

collenchyma

Question 45

supporting tissue scattered in both primary and secondary cell wall

Answer 45

sclerenchyma

Question 46

concerned with distribution of nutrients, water, and products of photosynthesis

Answer 46

vascular tissues