The ophthalmic examination Flashcards
what is hyphaema
blood in anterior chamber
define blepharospasm
involuntary tight closure of the eyelids.
List 3 signs of ocular pain
blepharospasm
discharge
photphobia
what is the best way to identify exophthalmos
looking at the animal from different angles
List some indications of the schirmer tear test
Any eye with discharge, conjunctivitis or lacklustre cornea
At start of exam – before drops applied
when should we not do the schirmir tear test
deep ulcer/ risk of perforation
what is the normal reading for the schirmir tear test in dogs
15-25
what schirmir tear test reading suggests dry eye
<10
List the 5 ocular reflexes
Palpebral reflex
Menace response
Dazzle reflex
Pupillary light reflexes
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
what is the most reliable test of vision
menace response
Lit 3 causes of false negative responses to the pupillary light reflex
weak light source in daylight
scared/ stressed animal
iris atrophy
what does the palpebral test
afferent pathway= trigeminal nerve 5
efferent pathway= facial nerve 7
what does the menace test
afferent - optic nerve
efferent - facial nerve
which animal’s is it normal to not see a menace response
Learned response (12-14 weeks in puppies)
What does the dazzle reflex test
afferent= optic nerve
efferent- facial nerve
what does the pupillary light reflex test
afferent= optic nerve
efferent= oculomotor nerve
what does the distant direct examination of eye allow you to do
compare pupil size
opacities in visual axis
differentiate between nuclear sclerosis versus cataract
define anisocoria
different sized puil
what is Dyscoria
abnormally shaped pupil
what does close direct ophthalmometry allow us to assess
the fundus
what dioptre setting do we need to assess the retina
0D
Describe the difference we see between indirect and direct ophthalmoscopy
indirect- upside-down, back-to-front wider field of view
direct- narrow key-hole view
Describe fluorescein staining
Stains corneal stroma green. No uptake by intact corneal epithelium or by Descemet’s membrane
what can fluorescein staining assess
corneal ulcer
jones test- assess nasolacrimal duct patency
List the indications of corneal cytology/bacteriology
Suspected infected/melting ulcers
Suspected neoplasia
List the indications of conjunctival microbiology
Cats with ocular surface disease
- Chlamydophila felis
- Feline herpesvirus-1
what does tonometry assess
measurement of introcular pressure
List the normal values of tonometry
10-25 mmHg in the dog and cat
what should you suspect if you have raised IOP
glaucoma
what should you suspect with lowered IOP
suspect uveitis
This dog has presented with a painful left eye. The IOPs are 20mmHg in the right eye and 45mmHg in the left eye.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Glaucoma
what does slit lamp biomicroscopy do
Excellent illumination and magnification
Slit beam of light helps to e.g. judge depth and localise lesions
what does gonioscopy assess
Assessment of iridocorneal drainage angle (gives view of drainage angle) – used to diagnose goniodysgenesis (primary glaucoma)
what does electroretinography assess
retinal function
what is an indication of CT and MRI of eyes
retrobulbar swellings
