The ophthalmic examination

Question 1

what is hyphaema

Answer 1

blood in anterior chamber

Question 2

define blepharospasm

Answer 2

involuntary tight closure of the eyelids.

Question 3

List 3 signs of ocular pain

Answer 3

blepharospasm
discharge
photphobia

Question 4

what is the best way to identify exophthalmos

Answer 4

looking at the animal from different angles

Question 5

List some indications of the schirmer tear test

Answer 5

Any eye with discharge, conjunctivitis or lacklustre cornea
At start of exam – before drops applied

Question 6

when should we not do the schirmir tear test

Answer 6

deep ulcer/ risk of perforation

Question 7

what is the normal reading for the schirmir tear test in dogs

Answer 7

15-25

Question 8

what schirmir tear test reading suggests dry eye

Answer 8

<10

Question 9

List the 5 ocular reflexes

Answer 9

Palpebral reflex
Menace response
Dazzle reflex
Pupillary light reflexes
Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 10

what is the most reliable test of vision

Answer 10

menace response

Question 11

Lit 3 causes of false negative responses to the pupillary light reflex

Answer 11

weak light source in daylight
scared/ stressed animal
iris atrophy

Question 12

what does the palpebral test

Answer 12

afferent pathway= trigeminal nerve 5
efferent pathway= facial nerve 7

Question 13

what does the menace test

Answer 13

afferent - optic nerve
efferent - facial nerve

Question 14

which animal’s is it normal to not see a menace response

Answer 14

Learned response (12-14 weeks in puppies)

Question 15

What does the dazzle reflex test

Answer 15

afferent= optic nerve
efferent- facial nerve

Question 16

what does the pupillary light reflex test

Answer 16

afferent= optic nerve
efferent= oculomotor nerve

Question 17

what does the distant direct examination of eye allow you to do

Answer 17

compare pupil size
opacities in visual axis
differentiate between nuclear sclerosis versus cataract

Question 18

define anisocoria

Answer 18

different sized puil

Question 19

what is Dyscoria

Answer 19

abnormally shaped pupil

Question 20

what does close direct ophthalmometry allow us to assess

Answer 20

the fundus

Question 21

what dioptre setting do we need to assess the retina

Answer 21

0D

Question 22

Describe the difference we see between indirect and direct ophthalmoscopy

Answer 22

indirect- upside-down, back-to-front wider field of view
direct- narrow key-hole view

Question 23

Describe fluorescein staining

Answer 23

Stains corneal stroma green. No uptake by intact corneal epithelium or by Descemet’s membrane

Question 24

what can fluorescein staining assess

Answer 24

corneal ulcer
jones test- assess nasolacrimal duct patency

Question 25

List the indications of corneal cytology/bacteriology

Answer 25

Suspected infected/melting ulcers
Suspected neoplasia

Question 26

List the indications of conjunctival microbiology

Answer 26

Cats with ocular surface disease
- Chlamydophila felis
- Feline herpesvirus-1

Question 27

what does tonometry assess

Answer 27

measurement of introcular pressure

Question 28

List the normal values of tonometry

Answer 28

10-25 mmHg in the dog and cat

Question 29

what should you suspect if you have raised IOP

Answer 29

glaucoma

Question 30

what should you suspect with lowered IOP

Answer 30

suspect uveitis

Question 31

This dog has presented with a painful left eye. The IOPs are 20mmHg in the right eye and 45mmHg in the left eye.
What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 31

Glaucoma

Question 32

what does slit lamp biomicroscopy do

Answer 32

Excellent illumination and magnification
Slit beam of light helps to e.g. judge depth and localise lesions

Question 33

what does gonioscopy assess

Answer 33

Assessment of iridocorneal drainage angle (gives view of drainage angle) – used to diagnose goniodysgenesis (primary glaucoma)

Question 34

what does electroretinography assess

Answer 34

retinal function

Question 35

what is an indication of CT and MRI of eyes

Answer 35

retrobulbar swellings