Intro to neurology Flashcards
what is the most sensitive test of the nervous system
proprioception- as these are the first to get damaged- will tell you is a peripheral lesion
Describe LMN
Final common pathway for voluntary motor activity
Needed for reflexes
Needed to maintain tone
Describe UMN
Need for voluntary motor activity
Not needed for reflexes
Not needed to maintain tone
what do you see with LMN damage
Paresis/ paralysis
Reduced tone or flaccid
Reduced or absent segmental reflexes
what do we see with UMN damage
Paresis/ paralysis
Retained or increased tone
Retained or increased segmental reflexes
what do we see with forebrain lesions
altered mental state
central blindness deafness
inattention
abnormal postural reactions
seizures
abnormal movements/ postures (head pressing/ head yaw)
What do we see cerebellum lesions
ataxia
wide based stance
dysmetria
intention tremor
extensor hypertonus
what do we see with peripheral vestibular lesions
head tilt
asymmetric ataxia
nystagmus
Horner’s syndrome
facial paralysis
what do we see with midbrain lesions
UMN signs in all 4 limbs
mental depression
ipsilateral oculomotor signs
What do we see with diencephalon lesions
UMN signs in all 4 limbs
medial depression
optic nerve deficits
endocrine/autonomic deficits
inappetance
what do we see with brainstem lesions
UMN signs in all 4 legs
Postural reaction deficits
CN 4-12 deficits
altered mental state
which CN does smell
1
Which CN does vision
2
Which CN does eye movement
3, 4 and 5
Which CN do facial sensation and jaw movement
5
which CN do facial expression
7
which CN do hearing and balance
8
Which CN do swallowing and peripheral nervous system
9,10,11
which CN do tongue movement
12
what does a head tilt indicate
vestibular lesion or vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8)
What is the most important part of neuro exam
lesion localisation
if we have UMN in forelimbs and hindlimbs, where may the lesion be
cranial
C1-C5
if we have LMN in the forelimbs and UMN in the hindlimbs, where may the lesion be
C6-T2
if we have normal forelimbs and UMN hindlimbs, where may the lesion be
T3-L3
if we have normal forelimbs and LMN hindlimbs, where may the lesion be
L4-S3
which cranial nerves are testing with the menace response
2 and 7
what cranial nerves are tested by the PLR
2 and 3
what cranial nerves are tested in the palpebral and corneal reflex
5 and 7
what cranial nerves can be affected if nystagmus is present
3, 4, 6 or 8
what is the glial cells
supportive cells of the nervous system
can neurones become inflamed or proliferate
No
