Ocular pharmacology Flashcards
why should we only place one drop in the eye at a time
this is more than enough to be retained on the eye surface
anymore and we will stimulate reflex tearing and dilute the drops and ruin the effect
What is the main indication of fusidic acid (isathal)
minor ocular surface infections - e.g. conjuncitivitis
what is the main indication for use of chloramphenicol in the eye
prophylaxis for ulcers and ocular surgery, bacterial conjunctivitis
What is the main indication for use of ofloxacin (exocin) and ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) in the eye
infected/ melted corneal ulcers
What is the main indication of use of gentamicin in the eye
infected/ melted corneal ulcers
what is the main indication for use of chlortetracycline (ophtocycline) in the eye
feline chlamydial conjunctivitis
what can we use anti-collagenases for
melting/ infected ulcers
List the 2 forms of anti-collagenases
serum
stromease
List the 4 main systemic antibacterials relevant to ophthalmology
clindamycin
tetracyclines
sulphonamides
enrofloxacin
what is the clinical indication of systemic clindamycin for eye issue
toxoplasma gondii- induced uveitis in cats an dogs
what is the clinical indication of systemic doxycycline for eye issues
feline conjunctivitis caused by chlamydophilia
what is the effect of systemic sulphonamides on the eye
there is a risk of KCS (dry eye) due to toxic effect on the lacrimal gland
what is the effect of systemic enrofloxacin on the eye
can cause permanent blindness at higher doses due to retinal toxicity- especially in cats
List 2 topical anti-viral drugs used for feline herpesvirus
Ganciclovir
Aciclovir
Name the oral anti-viral drug used for feline herpesvirus
famciclovir
are fungal ocular conditions common in the UK
No
What is the indication of prednisolone acetate for ocular cases
anterior uveitis and peri-operative for cataract surgery (treat and prevent ocular inflammation)
What is the indication of dexamethason in ocular cases
immune-mediated ocular surface disease including chronic superficial keratitis in dogs and eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in cats
what is the indication for diclofenac and flurbiprofen in ocular cases
to treat and prevent intraocular inflammation- especially if corticosteroids are contraindicated
what is the indication of ciclosporin in ocular cases
for canine KCS (dry eye) and chronic superficial keratitis
what produces aqueous humour
ciliary processes
Describe how the aqueous humour drains
via uveal trabecular meshwork in the drainage angle
Describe how anti-glaucoma drugs work
they either reduce aqueous humour production or they increase aqueous humour outflow
what type of drugs increase aqueous humour outflow
prostaglandin analogues
what type of drugs reduce aqueous humour formation
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
beta-blockers
what is the drug of choice for primary glaucoma and why
prostaglandin analogues - this is the most effective drug at reducing IOP
when are prostaglandin analogues contraindicated in the eye
uveitis and anterior lens luxation
what are side effects of prostaglandin analogues
they cause prominent miosis
Name a carbonic anhydrase used in dogs
Brinzolamide
Name a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used in cats
Dorzolamide
are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors able to reduce IOP by enough to treat primary glaucoma
No
what is the most common beta-blocker used to reduce IOP
timolol
List some possible systemic side effects of beta-blockers
bradycardia and hypotension
List 2 prostaglandin analogues used in dogs and cats
Latanoprost
travoprost
Name a lacrostimulant drug
ciclosporin
List 3 types of drugs to replace the tear film
lipid-based ointments
mucinomimetics
aqueous tear substitutes
what do mydriatics do
dilate pupils
List the potential uses of mydriatics
diagnostic purposes - examine the lens and fundus
therapeutic purposes - treating anterior uveitis and aiding introcular surgery
what do cycloplegics do
relax the ciliary body musculature
what are cycloplegics used for
relieving the painful ciliary spasm associated with anterior uveitis and helping reduce formation of posterior synechiae
what effect does atropine have in the eye
mydriatic and cycloplegic effects
how long does atropine take to work, and how long does it last
takes 1 hour to work and lasts 3-5 days
what effect does tropicamide have in the eye
mydriatic and minimal cyclopegic effects
how long does tropicamide take to work, and how long does it last
30 mins and it lasts 8-12 hours
what effect does phenylephrine have in the eye
mydriatic effects
NO cycloplegic effect
how long does phenylephrine take to work, and how long does it last
20-60 mins and it lasts 12-18 hours
what mydriatic is used to treat anterior uveitis
atropine
what mydriatic is used in practice for examination of the fundus
tropicamide
List some potential side effects of atropine in the eye
blurred vision
increased IOP
reduced tear production
when is atropine not recommended for use
glaucoma
lens luxation
KCS
In brachycephalics
what mydriatic is used to diagnose Horner’s syndrome
Phenylephrine
most commonly used topical LA in the eye
proxymetacaine
why do we not use proxymetacaine therapeutically
it is epitheliotoxic and will delay corneal healing
