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18- SA- Neurology > Ocular pharmacology > Flashcards

Ocular pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

why should we only place one drop in the eye at a time

A

this is more than enough to be retained on the eye surface
anymore and we will stimulate reflex tearing and dilute the drops and ruin the effect

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2
Q

What is the main indication of fusidic acid (isathal)

A

minor ocular surface infections - e.g. conjuncitivitis

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3
Q

what is the main indication for use of chloramphenicol in the eye

A

prophylaxis for ulcers and ocular surgery, bacterial conjunctivitis

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4
Q

What is the main indication for use of ofloxacin (exocin) and ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) in the eye

A

infected/ melted corneal ulcers

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5
Q

What is the main indication of use of gentamicin in the eye

A

infected/ melted corneal ulcers

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5
Q

what is the main indication for use of chlortetracycline (ophtocycline) in the eye

A

feline chlamydial conjunctivitis

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5
Q

what can we use anti-collagenases for

A

melting/ infected ulcers

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5
Q

List the 2 forms of anti-collagenases

A

serum
stromease

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5
Q

List the 4 main systemic antibacterials relevant to ophthalmology

A

clindamycin
tetracyclines
sulphonamides
enrofloxacin

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5
Q

what is the clinical indication of systemic clindamycin for eye issue

A

toxoplasma gondii- induced uveitis in cats an dogs

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6
Q

what is the clinical indication of systemic doxycycline for eye issues

A

feline conjunctivitis caused by chlamydophilia

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7
Q

what is the effect of systemic sulphonamides on the eye

A

there is a risk of KCS (dry eye) due to toxic effect on the lacrimal gland

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8
Q

what is the effect of systemic enrofloxacin on the eye

A

can cause permanent blindness at higher doses due to retinal toxicity- especially in cats

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9
Q

List 2 topical anti-viral drugs used for feline herpesvirus

A

Ganciclovir
Aciclovir

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10
Q

Name the oral anti-viral drug used for feline herpesvirus

A

famciclovir

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11
Q

are fungal ocular conditions common in the UK

A

No

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12
Q

What is the indication of prednisolone acetate for ocular cases

A

anterior uveitis and peri-operative for cataract surgery (treat and prevent ocular inflammation)

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13
Q

What is the indication of dexamethason in ocular cases

A

immune-mediated ocular surface disease including chronic superficial keratitis in dogs and eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in cats

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14
Q

what is the indication for diclofenac and flurbiprofen in ocular cases

A

to treat and prevent intraocular inflammation- especially if corticosteroids are contraindicated

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15
Q

what is the indication of ciclosporin in ocular cases

A

for canine KCS (dry eye) and chronic superficial keratitis

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16
Q

what produces aqueous humour

A

ciliary processes

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17
Q

Describe how the aqueous humour drains

A

via uveal trabecular meshwork in the drainage angle

18
Q

Describe how anti-glaucoma drugs work

A

they either reduce aqueous humour production or they increase aqueous humour outflow

19
Q

what type of drugs increase aqueous humour outflow

A

prostaglandin analogues

20
Q

what type of drugs reduce aqueous humour formation

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
beta-blockers

21
Q

what is the drug of choice for primary glaucoma and why

A

prostaglandin analogues - this is the most effective drug at reducing IOP

22
Q

when are prostaglandin analogues contraindicated in the eye

A

uveitis and anterior lens luxation

23
Q

what are side effects of prostaglandin analogues

A

they cause prominent miosis

24
Q

Name a carbonic anhydrase used in dogs

A

Brinzolamide

25
Q

Name a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used in cats

A

Dorzolamide

26
Q

are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors able to reduce IOP by enough to treat primary glaucoma

A

No

27
Q

what is the most common beta-blocker used to reduce IOP

A

timolol

28
Q

List some possible systemic side effects of beta-blockers

A

bradycardia and hypotension

29
Q

List 2 prostaglandin analogues used in dogs and cats

A

Latanoprost
travoprost

30
Q

Name a lacrostimulant drug

A

ciclosporin

31
Q

List 3 types of drugs to replace the tear film

A

lipid-based ointments
mucinomimetics
aqueous tear substitutes

32
Q

what do mydriatics do

A

dilate pupils

33
Q

List the potential uses of mydriatics

A

diagnostic purposes - examine the lens and fundus

therapeutic purposes - treating anterior uveitis and aiding introcular surgery

34
Q

what do cycloplegics do

A

relax the ciliary body musculature

35
Q

what are cycloplegics used for

A

relieving the painful ciliary spasm associated with anterior uveitis and helping reduce formation of posterior synechiae

36
Q

what effect does atropine have in the eye

A

mydriatic and cycloplegic effects

37
Q

how long does atropine take to work, and how long does it last

A

takes 1 hour to work and lasts 3-5 days

38
Q

what effect does tropicamide have in the eye

A

mydriatic and minimal cyclopegic effects

39
Q

how long does tropicamide take to work, and how long does it last

A

30 mins and it lasts 8-12 hours

40
Q

what effect does phenylephrine have in the eye

A

mydriatic effects
NO cycloplegic effect

41
Q

how long does phenylephrine take to work, and how long does it last

A

20-60 mins and it lasts 12-18 hours

42
Q

what mydriatic is used to treat anterior uveitis

A

atropine

43
Q

what mydriatic is used in practice for examination of the fundus

A

tropicamide

44
Q

List some potential side effects of atropine in the eye

A

blurred vision
increased IOP
reduced tear production

45
Q

when is atropine not recommended for use

A

glaucoma
lens luxation
KCS
In brachycephalics

46
Q

what mydriatic is used to diagnose Horner’s syndrome

A

Phenylephrine

47
Q

most commonly used topical LA in the eye

A

proxymetacaine

48
Q

why do we not use proxymetacaine therapeutically

A

it is epitheliotoxic and will delay corneal healing

18- SA- Neurology (11 decks)

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