The "ologies" Flashcards
During a neurological examination, what does the panniculus reflex indicate?
Integrity of the spinal cord between the site of stimulation and the C8-T1 spinal cord segment
The cervical intumescence, which is the origin of the lower motor neurons for the thoracic limbs, contains which spinal cord segments?
C6-T2
Are Paramyxoviridae RNA or DNA viruses?
RNA viruses
What is the most common side-effect of azathioprine in cats, which makes it contraindicated in this species?
Myelosuppression
What is the primary source of coccidiosis infections in nursing puppies?
Environmental contamination with oocysts
In dogs and cats, which one of the following is higher in concentration in urine than plasma? Amino acids, chloride or phosphate?
Chloride
Why does metabolic alkalosis predispose cows to subclinical hypocalcemia and milk fever?
Blunts the response to parathyroid hormone
Infarction of tissues is characterized by which type of necrosis?
Coagulation necrosis
What is the mechanism of toxicity of strychnine?
It interferes with the release of glycine from the interneurons in the CNS
Pancheco’s disease is causes by a virus of which class?
Herpesvirus
An adult dog has peritoneal effusion
Centesis reveals a thick, opaque white fluid with metacestodes evident microscopically
What is the caustice organism?
Mesocestoides spp
A normally hydrated dog with a right to left shunting VSD also has a high HCT, a low PCO2 level and high Epo level. Which type of erythrocytosis is this?
Absolute secondary
True or false: in the dog, the site of greatest absorption of water in the GI tract is the large intestine/colon
False
It is the jejunum
Common error: most of what the colon absorbs is water but less total volume than ileum or jejunum
Other than GI and adrenal effects, ketoconazole is recognized to have toxic potential involving which important organ?
Liver
Bone marrow
by which mechanism do fluoroquinolones exert their antibacterial action? Does this result in a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect?
inhibition of DNA gyrase (bacterial topoisomerase-III)
inhibition is bactericidal
Name 3 effects of atropine
mydriasis decreased GI motility decrease saliva production tachycardia decreased lacrimation decreased vomiting decreased urination
The resorptive capacity of proximal renal tubules is exceeded when the blood glucose concentration surpasses which value (renal threshold) in the horse or dog?
180 mg/dl
a dog with pulmonary lesions also has extensive periosteal reaction and proliferation of both humeri. What is this condition called?
Hypertrophic osteopathy
Parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium levels by acting on which organ system?
GI-increased Ca absorption
renal-decreased Ca excretion
bone-increased osteoclastic activity
by which mechanism does ethanol prevent ethylene glycol toxicosis?
competitive inhibition
endogenous alcohol dehydrogenase would normally convert ingested ethylene glycol to glycoaldehyde (leading to oxalate formation and renal failure)
alcohol dehydrogenase has a greater affinity for ethanol than ethylene glycol
Which effect does acidosis have on ionized calcium concentrations?
mild increase.
acidosis decreases plasma-protein-binding affinity for calcium, creating a mild physiologic hypercalcemia
alkalosis has the opposite effect
How can you explain that an animal with ketonuria has a negative ketones result on urine dipstick?
high levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate
urine dipstick squares react to acetoacetate, but not beta-hydroxybutyrate
Which 2 toxins are produced by Bacillus anthracis are the most important in the production of the disease?
lethal toxin
edema toxin
What are the intermediate host of Paragonium kellicotti?
snails and crawfish
ingestion of these Paragonimus bearing intermediate hosts can cause respiratory disease due to cyst formation in the respiratory tract
Which parasitic infestation in a dog can cause pseduo-hypoadrenocorticism?
Infection with whipworm (Trichuris vulpis) can cause hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Which gene mutation is responsible for susceptibility to ivermectin toxicosis in Collies?
MDR-1 gene (multiple drug resistance gene, which codes for P-glycoprotein)
An active, roaming dog develops acute liver failure 6 hours after swimming in stagnant water. What is the likely cause?
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) toxicosis
During a neuro exam, where is a spinal lesion likely to be if there is pathologically increased resistance to bladder outflow?
Upper motor neuron lesion cranial to the sacral spinal cord segments (L7 or cranial to it), causing increased urethral sphincter tone
With the respiratory sinus arrhythmia, does the heart rate decrease or increase during expiration?
decrease
greater intrathoracic pressure during expiration–>increase pressure on vagus nerve–>slower heart rate
Chagas’ disease is caused by which protozoal parasite, carried by which vector?
Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by triatomin bugs
What is the major route of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to both the definitive host and humans?
ingestion of tissue cysts
containing bradyzoites
Name 2 tick genera that transmit Babesia spp to dogs
Rhipicephalus
Haemaphysalis
Dermacentor
What is the causative agent of “glanders” in horses?
Burkholderia mallei
Muscle contract occurs due to calcium release into the sacroplasm, where calcium binds with _____, allowing the connection of actin to mysin
troponin/tropomyosin complex
troponin C
Which mechanism of skin disease of small animals is typically responsible for lesions on the nasal planum, pinnae and foot pads?
Immune-mediated skin disease
There are at least 4 indications for the use of antimicrobial combinations instead of antibiotic monotherapy. Name 2
Superior efficacy in serious infections
polymicrobial infections/broad-spectrum coverage
prevention of emergence of resistance to 1 drug
lower risk of toxicity
Which adverse effect involving the urinary tract can the anti-neoplastic drug cyclophosphamide cause?
Sterile Hemorrhagic cystitis
cause by the drug metabolite acrolein
ingestion of a tall grass by cattle cause cause toxicosis manifesting as lameness and ultimately dry necrosis of extremities. Which type of grass is responsible for this disorder?
Fescue grass
Cardiac muscle is derived from which embryonic cell line?
neural crest
Which of the following abx is the only one with good penetration into the CSF? Gentamicin TMS Tetracycline cephalothin
TMS
If a blood vessel’s radius doubles, by how much will flow increase if all the other parameters (pressure difference between ends of the vessels, viscosity, etc) remain the same?
16 fold
Poiseuille’s law
flow increases to the fourth power of the increase in radius
What are the components of feline “triaditis”?
Cholangiohepatitis
pancreatitis
IBD
Taylorella equigenitalis causes which disease?
Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
In which type of cell death are cellular skrinage and condenses chromatin initial features?
apoptosis
Which 2 classes of drugs most commonly account for pharmacologically-indcued diffuse splenomegaly in dogs?
Phenothiazines
barbiturates
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is degraded to acetyl CoA int he mitochondrion. To what molecule is pyruvate converted instead (in the cytosol) under anaerobic conditions?
Lactate
Atrophic rhinitis in pigs has 2 causative agents. What are they?
Pasteurella multocida
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Which viral etiologic agent is associated with pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis and wasting in sheep?
Maedi-visna virus
Ovine progressive pneumonia
What are the function and mechanism of action of cyclosporine?
Immune suppressant
T-Cell inhibition
What is the antidote for organophosphate insecticide intoxication?
Atropine and/or pralidoxime (2-PAM)
Which will produce fewer false-negatives: a test with high specificity or a test with high sensitivity?
High Sensitivity
High sensitivity tests are ideal for screening
high specificity tests are ideal for confirmation
Glucocorticoid-induced hepatocellular degeneration is a specific disorder characterized by an excessive hepatic accumulation of _______?
Glycogen
Which organ systems are affect in aminoglycoside toxicity?
Renal
Auditory (inner ear)
Which bacterium is involved in most purulent infections of traumatic or opportunistic origin in cattle?
Trueperella pyogenes (formerly known as Arcanobacterium pyogenes)
Upper motor neuron signs in both the thoracic and pelvic limbs localize a neurological lesion to which segments of the spinal cord?
C1-C5
What are the classical histologic findings in the liver with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity?
Megalocytosis
fibrosis
biliary duct hyperplasia
What is the most common reason that a cat with lymphoma develops dyspnea?
formation of a mediastinal mass, which can either cause pleural effusion reducing the volume of pulmonary parenchyma or the space occupying mass compressing the pulmonary parenchyma and airways.
A dog presents to your clinic for coughing and fever a week after going hunting. You work the dog up, perform bronchoscopy and remove a plant awn from the lungs. What bacterial infection is this dog predisposed to?
Actinomyces
filamentous, branching, gram positive bacteria that is a normal inhabitant of the mouth and oropharynx.
commonly associated with grass awn migration.
usually contaminated in the oropharynx and then migrate through the body from the respiratory or GI tracts.
takes months to years to make a diagnosis.
Which of the following is a classic brain lesion seen with listeriosis?
microabscesses
PSS in dogs can be associated with which change in erythrocytes: Heinz bodies, basophilic stippling, or microcytosis?
microcytosis
White focal plaques on the cotyledons of sheep and goats are suggestive of which abortifacient agent?
toxoplasma gondii
Horses that ingest plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids may develop toxicosis involving which organ system?
hepatobiliary
Which hematological changes are typical for acute disease associated with Ehrlichia canis infection?
variable degress of thrombocytopenia +/-leukopenia +/- anemia
What is the vector for bluetongue virus?
Culicoides spp
midges
Which domestic ungulate species does not develop clinical disease due to foot and mouth disease virus?
the horse
intestinal ulceration is common in severe mast cell neoplasia. Which substance do mast cells secrete that binds to parietal cells and which substance do the parietal cells then secrete?
histamine
hydrochloric acid
The causative agent of Lyme disease is
Borrelia burgdorferi
in dogs, this superficial burrowing skin mite causes a nonseasonal intense pruritus initially around less-haired skin, such as the hocks, elbows and pinnal margins
Sarcoptes scabiei
What is the key feature of all cell types primarily targeted by paroviruses?
mitotically active cells (eg enterocytes, blood cell precursors in the marrow)
What is the mechanism of action of lactulose, by which it helps prevent hepatic encephalopathy?
traps ammonia in the colon, reducing it to ammonium
excreted in feces rather than diffusing through colon wall and circulating systemically, causing encephalopathic effects
Are leptospirae gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
gram negative
Name 2 classes of abx that have superior penetration of prostatic tissue
Fluoroquinolones potentiated sulfas \+/-macrolide (erythromycin) \+/- lincosamide (clindamycin) \+/-chloramphenicol
A lamb is stillborn, with grotesque deformations including cyclopia. Which toxic plant was likely consumed by the ewe during gestation?
Veratrum (skunk cabbage)
Adenocarcinoma of which organ has been associated with a paraneoplastic alopecia in cats?
the pancreas
the glistening appearance of the skin is responsible for the colloquial term for this disorder “shiny cat disease”
Which class of bacteria is grouped by Lancefield serologic classification?
Streptococci
