the Nursing Process

Question 1

What are the steps to the nursing process

Answer 1

Assessing

• collect data
• organise data
• validate data
• document data

Diagnosing

• analyse data
• identify health problems, risks and strengths
• formulate diagnostic statements

Planning

• prioritise problems/ diagnoses
• formulate goals/desired outcomes
• select nursing interventions
• write nursing interventions

Implementing

• reassess the person
• determine the nurses’s need for assistance
• implement the nursing interventions
• supervise delegated care
• document nursing activities

Evaluating

• collect data related to outcomes
• compare data with outcomes
• relate nursing actions to person goals/outcomes
• draw conclusions about problem status

Question 2

What are the critical thinking activities involved in the nursing process

Answer 2

Assessing

• making reliable observations
• distinguishing relevant for irrelevant data
• distinguishing important from unimportant data
• validating data
• organising data
• categorising data according to a framework
• recognising assumptions
• identifying gaps in the data

Diagnosing

• finding patterns and relationships in cues
• making inferences
• developing evaluative criteria
• hypothesising
• making interdisciplinary connections
• prioritising patient needs from immediate to longer term
• generalising principles from other sciences

Implementing

• applying knowledge to preform interventions
• testing hypotheses

Evaluating

• deciding whether hypotheses are correct
• making criterion-based evaluations

Question 3

Types of nursing assessments

Answer 3

• initial assessment, e.g. nursing admission assessment
• problem-focused assessment - e.g. hourly assessments if a person’s fluid intake and urinary output
• emergency assessment - e.g. assessment of suicidal tendencies
• time-lapses reassessment - e.g. reassessment of a person’s functional health patterns in a home care setting several months after initial assessment and treatment

Question 4

Types of data

Answer 4

• subjective - symptoms - e.g. itching, pain, feeling

- objective - signs - measurable - e.g. vital signs, discolouration, sweating

Question 5

Components of a nursing health history

Answer 5

• biographical
• chief complaint
• history of present illness
• other history - childhood illnesses, immunisations, allergies, accidents and injuries, hospitalisations, medications
• family health history
• lifestyle, including personal habits, diet, sleep, ADLs, hobbies
• family and friend relationships
• cultural and religious affiliation
• educational history
• occupational history
• economic status
• home and neighbourhood conditions
• psychological data
• healthcare patterns

Question 6

Types of interview questions

Answer 6

• open-ended
• closed
• probing

Question 7

What are Gordon’s 11 functional health patterns? (2010)

Answer 7

1. health perception/ health management pattern
2. nutrition/ metabolic pattern
3. elimination pattern
4. activity/ exercise pattern
5. sleep/rest pattern
6. cognitive/perceptual pattern
7. self-perception/self-concept pattern
8. sexuality/reproduction pattern
9. coping/stress-tolerance pattern
10. value/belief pattern

Question 8

What are Orem’s eight universal self-care requisites of humans? (2001)

Answer 8

1. the maintenance of a sufficient intake of air
2. the maintenance of a sufficient intake of water
3. the maintenance of a sufficient intake of food
4. The provision of care associated with elimination processes and excrement
5. the maintenance of a balance between activity and rest
6. the maintenance of a balance between solitude and human interaction
7. the prevention of hazards to human life, human functioning and human well-being.
8. the promotion of human functioning and development within social groups in accord with human potential, know human limitations and human desires to be normal.

Question 9

What data is to be collected according to Roy’s adaptation model? (Roy and Andrews 2008)

Answer 9

1. Physiological needs
   - activity and rest
   - nutrition
   - elimination
   - fluid and electrolytes
   - oxygenation
   - protection
   - regulation: temperature
   - regulation: the sense
   - regulation: endocrine system
2. Self-concept
   - physical self
   - personal self
3. Role function
4. Interdependence

Question 10

What is holism?

Answer 10

• the focus and heart of nursing practice.
• viewing the client as a whole, and as an individual.
• taking into account their:
  
  • physical needs
  • spiritual needs
  • emotional needs
  • social needs
  • economic needs
  • psyche