Conception through School Age Health Flashcards
What is the length of gestation and of the three trimesters?
gestation = ~ 40 weeks
1st trimester is 0 - 12 weeks
2nd trimester is 13 - 27 weeks
3rd trimester is 28 - 40 weeks
What are definitions of neonate and infant?
neonate - birth to 1 month
infant - 1 month to 1 year
What is the apgar scale?
scale from 0 (not good) to 2 (good) for heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability (crying), andcolour
What is the apgar scale?
scale from 0 (not good) to 2 (good) for heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability (crying), and colour
What is the standard development of vision for neonates/infants?
- by 1 month, be able to focus and follow moving figures
- 2 to 4 months, recognises parents’ smile
- by 4 months, colour vision
What is the standard development of hearing and language for neonates/infants?
- startle reflex at birth
- recommend newborn hearing screening before discharge
- by 2-3 months, responding to voices
- by 9-12 months, understanding many words
What is the standard development of smell, taste and touch for neonates/infants?
- all should be present at birth
- turns towards mother’s milk via smell
- skin to skin contact between neonate and parents is essential for comfort, temperature maintenance, pain management)
What are the major neonate/infant reflexes?
- sucking - occurs when infant’s lips are touch - occurs throughout infancy
- rooting reflex - feeding reflex where if the cheek is touched, baby’s head turns to that side - usually ceases at about 4 months
- moro reflex (aka startle reflex) - loud noise, sudden change in position or jolt causes baby’s arms and legs to extend outward, fingers spread, then suddenly retracts. Often also cries - usually ceases at about 4 months
- palmar grasp reflex - fingers curl around small objects placed on palm - usually ceases at 3-6 months
- plantar reflex - toes curl around small objects place beneath the toes - usually ceases at 8-0 months
- tonic neck reflex (aka fencing reflex) - a turn of the head/neck cause the arm and leg on the opposite side to flex - usually ceases at 4-6 months
- stepping reflex aka walking or dancing reflex - if baby is held upright with their feet touching a surface they will ‘walk’, moving their legs up and down - usually ceases at 2 months
- babinski reflex - when sole of foot is stroked, big toe rises and others fan out - ceases at 1 year, when they show negative babinski - toes curl downward - showing positive babinski after 1 year can be a sign of upper motor neuron damage
What growth and development stages are infants/neonates going through?
Psychosocial (Erikson)
- trust vs mistrust
- trust is developed by adults being sensitive to infants needs and establishing routines.
- meeting these needs build trust and attachment
Moral (Piaget)
- can’t tell right from wrong
- positive vs negative reinforcement
Cognitive (Piaget)
- goes through 3 stages in first 6 months
- birth to 4 months - sensorimotor stage
- 4 months to 12 months - carer recognition
- 12 months - concepts of space, time, goal achievement
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs in neonates?
- motor - turns head, grasps by reflex
- social - cries when dissatisfied, coos when satisfied. responds to adult faces by eye contact and settling.
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 4 months?
motor
- rolls over
- sits with support
- holds head steady when sitting
social
- babbles, laughs, increased response to verbal play
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 6 months?
motor
- lifts chest and shoulders when prone, bearing weight on hands
- manipulates small objects
social
- starts to imitate sound. says one-syllable words - ma ma, da da
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 9 months?
motor
- creeps and crawls
- uses pincer grasp with thumb and forefinder
social
- complies with simple verbal commands
- displays fear of being left alone
- waves ‘bye-bye’
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 12 months?
motor
- walking with help
- uses spoon to feed self
social
- clings to mother in unfamiliar situations
- demonstrates emotions such as anger and affection
What are the health risks for neonates and infants?
failure to thrive colic scabies child abuse SIDS
What are some health promotion strategies used for infants?
- health screenings
- immunisations
- recommend breastfeeding
- safety tips
- never leave infants unattended
- car seats, cots, etc
- safe toys
- eliminate toxins within infant’s reach
- sleep routines
- hold, cuddle, rock baby for comfort
- bright colour, moving toys
- soothing music etc
What stages of development are toddlers going through?
Psychosocial
- Erikson - autonomy vs same and doubt
- Freud - anal phase
Cognitive
- Piaget - pre-conceptual
Moral
- developing an understanding of morals and ethics
How do you foster a toddler’s psychosocial development?
- safe toys, some that pose a manageable challenge
- positive suggestions rather than commands. avoid negativity, blame and punishment
- give toddler 2 or 3 safe choices
- when toddler is having a tantrum, make sure they’re safe, and leave the room
- set and enforce consistent reasonable limits
- praise toddler’s accomplishments and positive behaviour
Health risks for toddlers?
- injuries
- visual problems (screen for amblyopia)
- dental caries from sugar
- infections
Health promotion strategies for toddlers
- health screenings at 18 months and 2.5-3.5 years
- dental visits from 3 years
- immunisations at 18 months
- supervision
- safe home environment
- appropriate toys
- eliminate toxins from toddler’s access
- nutritious meals and snacks
- dental care
- toilet training
Pre schooler (4 - 5 years) - development stages
Psychosocial
- erikson - initiative vs guilt
- freud - phallic - oedipus/electra
- major development period for self-concept
- learns to play well with others
- feels need to belong
- need guidance, routine and discipline
cognitive
- intuitive though (piaget)
- awareness of death
moral
- develops ability to share
health risks for pre-schoolers
- injuries
- visual problems (screen for amblyopia)
- dental caries from sugar
- infections
health promotional strategies for pre-schoolers
- immunisation and healthy kids check at 4 years
- vision and hearing screening
- regular dental screens
- teach safety (road, helmets, swimming, etc)
- nutritious meals and snacks
- teach hygiene (clean hands after bathroom, before meals, teeth cleaning)
- play-time with friends
development stages of school age (6 - 12)
- mostly prepubescent
- significant growth and development
psychosocial
- Erikson - industry vs inferiority
- Freud - latent
cognitive
- Piaget - concrete operations
- developing intellectually
moral
act to avoid punishment and act to benefit themselves
less ego-centred than toddlers and pre-schoolers
health risks for school-aged children
- injuries
- visual problems (screen for amblyopia)
- dental caries from sugar
- infections
- childhood obesity, hypertension, diabetes
health promotion strategies for school aged children
- health checks at 10-12yrs
- immunisations at 10-15
- beginning sexual education
- sports safety
- encouraging child to take responsibility for their safety
- don’t skip meals, eat balance diets (watch for risks of anorexia, bulemia, obesity)
- group activities
- don’t put unrealistic expectations onto child
- parents to act as rolemodels
- limit tv time, mobile phone and computer/social media time
- encourage homework and exercise
