Conception through School Age Health Flashcards
What is the length of gestation and of the three trimesters?
gestation = ~ 40 weeks
1st trimester is 0 - 12 weeks
2nd trimester is 13 - 27 weeks
3rd trimester is 28 - 40 weeks
What are definitions of neonate and infant?
neonate - birth to 1 month
infant - 1 month to 1 year
What is the apgar scale?
scale from 0 (not good) to 2 (good) for heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability (crying), andcolour
What is the apgar scale?
scale from 0 (not good) to 2 (good) for heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability (crying), and colour
What is the standard development of vision for neonates/infants?
- by 1 month, be able to focus and follow moving figures
- 2 to 4 months, recognises parents’ smile
- by 4 months, colour vision
What is the standard development of hearing and language for neonates/infants?
- startle reflex at birth
- recommend newborn hearing screening before discharge
- by 2-3 months, responding to voices
- by 9-12 months, understanding many words
What is the standard development of smell, taste and touch for neonates/infants?
- all should be present at birth
- turns towards mother’s milk via smell
- skin to skin contact between neonate and parents is essential for comfort, temperature maintenance, pain management)
What are the major neonate/infant reflexes?
- sucking - occurs when infant’s lips are touch - occurs throughout infancy
- rooting reflex - feeding reflex where if the cheek is touched, baby’s head turns to that side - usually ceases at about 4 months
- moro reflex (aka startle reflex) - loud noise, sudden change in position or jolt causes baby’s arms and legs to extend outward, fingers spread, then suddenly retracts. Often also cries - usually ceases at about 4 months
- palmar grasp reflex - fingers curl around small objects placed on palm - usually ceases at 3-6 months
- plantar reflex - toes curl around small objects place beneath the toes - usually ceases at 8-0 months
- tonic neck reflex (aka fencing reflex) - a turn of the head/neck cause the arm and leg on the opposite side to flex - usually ceases at 4-6 months
- stepping reflex aka walking or dancing reflex - if baby is held upright with their feet touching a surface they will ‘walk’, moving their legs up and down - usually ceases at 2 months
- babinski reflex - when sole of foot is stroked, big toe rises and others fan out - ceases at 1 year, when they show negative babinski - toes curl downward - showing positive babinski after 1 year can be a sign of upper motor neuron damage
What growth and development stages are infants/neonates going through?
Psychosocial (Erikson)
- trust vs mistrust
- trust is developed by adults being sensitive to infants needs and establishing routines.
- meeting these needs build trust and attachment
Moral (Piaget)
- can’t tell right from wrong
- positive vs negative reinforcement
Cognitive (Piaget)
- goes through 3 stages in first 6 months
- birth to 4 months - sensorimotor stage
- 4 months to 12 months - carer recognition
- 12 months - concepts of space, time, goal achievement
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs in neonates?
- motor - turns head, grasps by reflex
- social - cries when dissatisfied, coos when satisfied. responds to adult faces by eye contact and settling.
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 4 months?
motor
- rolls over
- sits with support
- holds head steady when sitting
social
- babbles, laughs, increased response to verbal play
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 6 months?
motor
- lifts chest and shoulders when prone, bearing weight on hands
- manipulates small objects
social
- starts to imitate sound. says one-syllable words - ma ma, da da
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 9 months?
motor
- creeps and crawls
- uses pincer grasp with thumb and forefinder
social
- complies with simple verbal commands
- displays fear of being left alone
- waves ‘bye-bye’
What are some of the normal motor and social development signs at 12 months?
motor
- walking with help
- uses spoon to feed self
social
- clings to mother in unfamiliar situations
- demonstrates emotions such as anger and affection
What are the health risks for neonates and infants?
failure to thrive colic scabies child abuse SIDS
