Growth and Development Theories

Question 1

Factors influencing growth and development

Answer 1

• genetic
• temperament
• family
• nutrition
• environment
• health
• culture

Question 2

What is temperament?

Answer 2

a set of inborn traits which gives a child their distinct personality
Thomas, Chess and Birch 1970 - 3 temperaments - easy, slow to warm up, difficult

Question 3

What is epigenetics?

Answer 3

changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

Question 4

What are the different types of growth and development theories?

Answer 4

• biophysical (genetic - Gesell)
• Psychosocial (personality development - Freud/Erikson)
• Cognitive (thinking/reasoning - Piaget)
• Behaviouralism, positive or negative reinforcement - Skinner)
• Social learning - Bandura
• ecological
• moral
• spiritual

Question 5

What is the ACE study?

Answer 5

• Adverse Childhood Events / Exposures
• 1980s by Feletti and Anda
• Childhood’s experiences effect on health
• categories of childhood exposure
  
  • psychological
  • physical
  • sexual
  • household dysfunction
  • substance abuse
  • mental illness
  • mother treated violently
  • criminal behaviour in house
• people who experience adverse childhood events are more likely to have social, emotional or cognitive impairment, leading to adoption of health-risk behaviours, leading to disease, disability and social problems, leading to early death

Question 6

What are the seven components of wellness?

Answer 6

• physical
• social
• emotional
• intellectual
• spiritual
• occupational
• environmental

Question 7

Health and Wellness Models

Answer 7

• clinical model

- 4+ model

Question 8

Variables that affect health and wellness

Answer 8

• biological (genetics, age, gender, etc)
• psychological
• cognitive (lifestyle, spirituality)
• external (environment, culture, social support)

Question 9

Health Belief Models

Answer 9

• Locus of control
• R & B Health Belief mode
  
  • perceived seriousness + perceived susceptibility = perceived threat.
  • perceived benefits vs perceived barriers + perceived threat + self efficacy + cues to action = likelihood to engage in positive health behaviour

Question 10

Factors Influencing Concordance (Compliance/Adherence)

Answer 10

• motivation to be well
• degree of change needed
• effectiveness of treatment
• perceived severity of illness
• value placed on reducing the threat
• understanding and ability to perform change
• degree of inconvenience
• complexity and side effects of therapy
• cultural heritage
• satisfaction in relationship with healthcare providers
• cost
• trust
• impact of other issues, eg depression

Question 11

The stages of growth and development

Answer 11

• neonatal - birth to 28 days - reflexive behaviour
• infancy - 1 month to 1 year - rapid physical growth
• toddlerhood - 1 - 3 years - increasing physical autonomy and psychosocial skills
• preschool - 3 - 6 years - new experiences, play. slower growth
• school age - 6 - 12 years - inc pre-adolescence - peer group influences behaviour
• adolescence - 12 - 20 years - self-concept changes, biological development (puberty). accelerated growth, stress, tested values
• young adulthood - 20 - 40 years - personal lifestyle, significant relationship, working commitments
• middle adulthood - 40-65 years - children leave home, changing occupational goals and relationships
• young-old older adulthood - 65 - 74 years - adaptation to retirement and changing physical abilities
• old older adulthood - 75 - 84 years - increasing dependence on others, loss of close relationships
• old-old older adulthood - 85+ years - increasing physical problems

Question 12

What is Freud’s psychosocial theory’s 5 stages of development?

Answer 12

• Oral stage - birth to 18 months - mouth is the centre of pleasure, security is primary need
• anal stage - 18 months to 3 years - anus and bladder are sources of pleasure - toilet training
• phallic stage - 4 - 6 years - genitals are centre of pleasure - masturbation and asking about sex is
  common
• latency stage - 6 years to puberty - physical and intellectual activities, sexual impulses repressed
• genital stage - puberty and after - full sexual maturity and function, develops skills to cope with the environment

Question 13

What are Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development?

Answer 13

• infancy - birth to 18 months - trust vs mistrust
• early childhood - 18 months to 3 years - autonomy vs shame and doubt
• late childhood - 6 - 12 years - industry vs inferiority
• adolescence - 12 - 20 years - identity vs role confusion
• young adulthood - 18 - 25 years - intimacy vs isolation
• adulthood - 25 - 65 years - generativity vs stagnation
• maturity - 65 years til death - integrity vs despair

Question 14

What are Piaget’s phases of cognitive development?

Answer 14

• Sensormotor phase - birth to 2 years
• stage 1 - use of reflexes - birth to 1 month - most actions are reflexive
• stage 2 - primary circular reaction - 1 - 4 months - perception of events is centred on the body - objects are extension of self
• stage 3 - secondary circular reaction - 4 - 8 months - acknowledgment of external environment, actively makes changes to the environment
• stage 4 - coordination of secondary schemata - 8 - 12 months - can distinguish a goal from a means of attaining it
• stage 5 - tertiary circular reaction - 12 - 18 months - tries and discovers new goals and ways to attain them
• stage 6 - inventions of new means - 18 - 24 months - interprets the environment b mental images, uses makebelieve
• preconceptual phase - 2 - 4 years - egocentrism, language development
• intuitive thought phase - 4 - 7 years - less egocentrism, one idea at a time
• concrete operations phase - 7 - 11 years - solves concrete problems, understands relationships
  f- formal operations phase - 11 - 15 years - uses rational thinking, reasoning is deductive and futuristic