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Cell & Molecular Biology > The nucleus > Flashcards

The nucleus Flashcards

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1
Q

How many genes do bacteria have?

A

1000-6000

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2
Q

What roles does the nucleus undertake?

A
  • separates transcription from translation
  • it enables alternative splicing
  • allows for multicellular organisms with different cell population
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3
Q

Why doesn’t alternative splicing occur in bacteria?

A

No nucleus

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4
Q

What are the 2 hypothesis of the origin of the nucleus?

A
  1. Invagination
  2. Endosymbiosis
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5
Q

Describe the process of invagination as an origin of the nucleus

A

The DNA is in the cell, with the ribosomes bound to the membrane. The membrane then invaginates and eventually forms around the DNA.

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6
Q

Describe the process of endosymbiosis as an origin of the nucleus

A

The engulfment of bacteria resulting in organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast.

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7
Q

Describe where mitochondria has come from

A

Bacteria (bacteria that has been engulfed)

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8
Q

How many proteins is a histone octamer made of?

A

8

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9
Q

DNA is wrapped around histones to form what?

A

nucleosides

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10
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

DNA material of a high density staining

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11
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

DNA material of a less dense staining

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12
Q

What is the nucleolus (think staining)?

A

DNA material that stains densely

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13
Q

What is chromosome called when not in a dividing stage?

A

Chromatin

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14
Q

What technique can be used to view specific chromosomes?

A

Chromosomal painting

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15
Q

What is the nucleolus’ function?

A

Ribose synthesis

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16
Q

What is the speckles’ function?

A

Pre-mRNA processing

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17
Q

What is the function of the Cajal bodies?

A

Splicing

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18
Q

What is the function of PML (promyelocytic leukemia protein) bodies?

A

Storage depot

19
Q

What is Fen1-GFP?

A

damage repair protein

20
Q

What is micro-radiation?

A

Laser used to introduce damage at a specific point in cell

21
Q

Why is micro-radiation useful?

A

allows ability to observe repair factories

22
Q

How does the nucleolus synthesize ribosomes?

A

through the production of rRNA, which is then processed and assembled into the nucleus

23
Q

Does the nucleolus have a membrane?

A

NO

24
Q

When does the nucleolus dissociate?

A

during mitosis

25
Q

How many membranes does the nuclear envelope have?

A

2 - inner & outer

26
Q

What is the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope’s composition?

A

Continuous membrane with the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) & contains ribosomes

27
Q

What is the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope’s composition?

A

Contains proteins that anchor the chromatin

28
Q

What is the function of the nuclear lamina ?

A

maintains the structure of the nuclear envelope on the inner membrane

29
Q

How does the nuclear envelope disassemble during mitosis?

A

the nuclear envelope becomes detached from the NPCs (nuclear pore complexes)

30
Q

What type of staining allows us to visualise the nuclear envelope?

A

DAPI staining

31
Q

What is the nuclear envelope made up of?

A

Lamins

32
Q

What are laminopathies?

A

defects in nuclear lamins that can cause conditions such as Hutchinson-Golford progeria syndrome

33
Q

What roles can laminas be said to play, as a result of the defects caused by laminopathies?

A
  • gene regulation
  • structural rigidity
34
Q

What is transported into the nuclear pore?

A

proteins

35
Q

What is transported out the nuclear pore?

A

tRNA & mRNA

36
Q

How many proteins are there that are nucleoporins?

A

30

37
Q

What technique has allowed research into NPCs (nuclear pore complex)?

A

Electron microscopy

38
Q

How does water & water-soluble molecules travel into the nucleus?

A

NPCs (nuclear pore complex)

39
Q

What method is used to transfer proteins larger than 60,000 Da across the NPC (nuclear pore complex)?

A

Active transport

40
Q

What are nuclear localisation signals (NLS) used for?

A

when proteins are imported into the nucleus, they use NLSs to reach their target destination

41
Q

What amino acids are Nuclear Localisation Signals (NLS) rich in?

A

lysines & arginines

42
Q

What type of proteins belong in the nuclear transport receptor family?

A

Nuclear Import proteins (NIPs) - importins
Nuclear Export proteins (NEPs) - exportins

43
Q
A

Cell & Molecular Biology (20 decks)

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