Apoptosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 ways cells die?

A

Necrosis & Apoptosis

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2
Q

What is necrosis?

A

associated with external damage

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3
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell-death

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4
Q

How many cells die a day?

A

50 billion cells per day

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5
Q

When does necrosis?

A

Physical damage
- trauma e.g. cuts & burns
- extreme temperatures e.g. frostbite

Toxins
- external e.g. snake venom
- internal e.g. bacterial toxins

  • acute hypoxia/ischemia e.g. stroke
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6
Q

When does apoptosis occur (physiological situations)?

A

Physiological situation:
- tissue size maintenance
- developmental cell loss - growth
- removal of immune cells
- hormone - dependent involution
- inappropriate interactions - anoikis

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7
Q

When does does apoptosis occur (pathological situations)?

A
  • DNA damage e.g. radiation, exidative stress
  • Virally infected cells
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8
Q

What are reversible characteristics of necrosis?

A
  • membrane integrity compromised
  • organelle and cell swelling
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9
Q

What are irreversible characteristics of necrosis?

A
  • increased intracellular calcium
  • autolysis
  • cell bursting (cell lysis)
  • elicits an inflammatory response
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10
Q

What type of cell death is brain ischaemia?

A
  • both necrosis & apoptosis involved
  • cells in middle die via necrosis
  • cells at edge die through apoptosis
  • this restricts spread of cell death
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11
Q

What is an example of developmental apoptosis?

A

Digit formation in mice - apoptosis is initiated through the release of local signal proteins

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12
Q

What genes are a good model for studying apoptotic pathways?

A

Ced genes

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13
Q

What do Ced genes?

A

involved in the apoptotic signal to engulfment of apoptotic cell by phagocytes

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14
Q

What are caspases?

A

The executioner of cell death - essential for apoptosis

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15
Q

What amino acid is at the active site of a caspase?

A

cysteine

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16
Q

What is the role of the aspartic acids in caspases?

A

aspartic acids are the cleavage site in target proteins

17
Q

What are initiator caspases?

A
  • activated by apoptotic signals
  • activate executioner caspases
18
Q

What are executioner caspases?

A

cleave > 1000 proteins

19
Q

Describe a what amplifying proteolytic caspase is?

A

one initiator caspase can activate multiple executioner caspases

20
Q

What are the 2 main ways of activating of apoptosis?

A
  • extrinsic pathway
  • intrinsic pathway
21
Q

How many receptors are involved in the extrinsic pathway?

A

6

22
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway triggered by?

A
  • stress signals e.g. DNA damage
  • development signals