The cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is required to prevent the introduction of serious errors during cell number expansion?

A

Coordination mechanism

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2
Q

What are the 3 critical events that need to occur during the cell cycle?

A
  1. Chromosome replication
  2. Chromosome segregation
  3. Cell division
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3
Q

What do almost all normal cells require in order to proliferate?

A

Extrinsic factors

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4
Q

What type of proteins can overrule stimulatory factors & force proliferation to a halt?

A

Signalling proteins

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5
Q

What is the master governor that makes the major decisions regarding the cell fate?

A

Cell cycle clock (operates in the nucleus)

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6
Q

What are the 2 process that the cell cycle clock can encourage?

A

Division or the prevention of replication (sent into G0 or quiescent state)

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7
Q

What are the 5 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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8
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

movement of the centrioles to polar end of the nucleus, condensation of chromosomes

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9
Q

What occurs during prometaphase?

A

components of the mitotically spindle elongate away from the spindle poles

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10
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

chromosome alignment is complete

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11
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

pairs of sister chromatids are separated

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12
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

chromosomes start to de-condense, nuclear membrane starts to be re-established.

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13
Q

When is chromatin de-condensed?

A

when the cell is not dividing (de-condenses after telophase)

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14
Q

Describe the parts of interphase

A

G1, S (synthesis phase), G2, M (mitotic phase)

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15
Q

What occurs during G1?

A
  • cell increases in size
  • ribosomes, RNA produced
  • preparation for DNA synthesis
  • where the cell responds to signals
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16
Q

What occurs during the S stage?

A

DNA synthesised (chromosome duplicated)

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17
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase?

A
  • cell checks for fidelity of DNA
  • preparation for nuclear division
18
Q

What stage during interphase takes the longest time?

A

G1 takes the longest duration

19
Q

What occurs if a cell enters G0?

A

They will not divide & not grow. They can re-enter the cycle from G0?

20
Q

What process actually occurs during G0 phase?

A

cytokine removal can occur - from G1 to G2

21
Q

What is the purpose of checkpoints?

A
  • allows for increase to scheduled length of a phase.
  • facilitates repair processes
22
Q

What occurs at the G1 checkpoint (end of G1)?

A

checks for DNA damage & may rectify situation if problem is detected?

23
Q

What occurs at the G2 checkpoint?

A

check for damage or if DNA replication is incomplete

24
Q

What occurs at the M checkpoint?

A

check for chromosomal attachment to spindle fibres

25
Q

The removal of what factors in the final hour of G1 allows for the transition into S, G2 & M phase?

A

serum & growth factors

26
Q

The deregulation of what point in the G1 phase can lead to cancer?

A

R point (point of no return), where cells are sensitive to cytokine withdrawal

27
Q

What staining is used to view cells at different stages of the cell cycle?

A

Diffuse staining

28
Q

What is the problem with using the genetic approach to look for genes that bring about a cell cycle transition?

A

Requires cells that have a mutation in a putative cell cycle transition gene

29
Q

What is the problem with using the genetic approach to look for genes that bring about a cell cycle transition?

A

requires supply large number of cells undertaking the same transition at the same time

30
Q

What is the advantage of using yeast as a genetic model for a cell cycle?

A
  • rapid division rate (<1hr)
  • cell cycle control genes are highly conserved
  • yeast can be growth as haploid or diploids
31
Q

What are 2 genetic tricks allow identification of potentially lethal mutations?

A
  • diploid can be used to maintain lethal mutations, that are then studied in haploid.
  • temperature sensitive mutations allow growth at permissive temperature
32
Q

What can be used to deplete the cytoplasm of different proteins during cell-free mitosis?

A

antibodies

33
Q

What is an example of hormonal activity causing the transition to M phase?

A

oocyte to egg transition

34
Q

What 2 classes of proteins must be present to allow transition from G2 to M?

A

cyclin & cyclin-dependent kinases (have to exist as a complex)

35
Q

What are protein kinases?

A

signalling devices which operate to create molecular

36
Q

Does there seem to be a relationship between kinase activity & the cell cycle transitions?

A

YES

37
Q

What is the cell cycle regulator kinase called in yeast?

A

CDk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), however there are multiple kinases

38
Q

How do yeast cells activate transition between different stages of the cell cycle?

A

The presence of different cyclins, paired with CDk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1)

39
Q

What 2 factors drive forward transition between different stages of the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin/CDKs

40
Q

What type of cyclins are controlled by extracellular signals?

A

D-type cyclins

41
Q

What can regulate the formation of cyclin/CDKs complexes?

A

CDK inhibitors (CKIs)

42
Q
A