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Neurology > The Neurological Examination of Small Animals > Flashcards

The Neurological Examination of Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of the neuro exam?

A
  1. Neurologically normal or abnormal?

2. Where is the lesion?

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2
Q

What tools are useful in a neurological exam?

A 
Room
Chair
Reflex hammer
Haemostates
Penlight
Lens
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3
Q

What are the 8 parts to the neuro exam?

A
  1. Mentation
  2. Posture
  3. Gait
  4. Postural reacrions
  5. Spinal Relfexes
  6. Cranial nerves
  7. Palpation
  8. Nociception
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4
Q

What are the different levels of consciousness?

A
  1. Alert
  2. Obtunded
  3. Stupor
  4. Comatosed
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5
Q

When looking at posture what should you look for?

A
  1. Posture of the head
  2. Posture of the limbs
  3. Posture of the body
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6
Q

What are the different postures of the head and what do they suggest?

A
  1. Tilt (Vestibular diease)

2. Turn (Forebrain disease)

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7
Q

What are the different postures of the limbs and what might they suggest?

A
  1. Wide based stance (proprioception loss)
  2. Narrow based stance (weakness)
  3. Decreased weight bearing (Evidence of pain)
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8
Q

What is a decerebrate posture?

A

Neck and limbs extended, no mentation

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9
Q

What is a decerebellate posture?

A

Neck and forelimbs extended, hindlimbs flexed, mentation okay

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10
Q

What is a Schiff-Scherrington posture?

A

Forelimbs rigid, hindlimbs flexed, mentation okay due to spinal lesion at T3-L3

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11
Q

What segments is the spinal cord split into?

A

C1-C5
C6-T2
T3-L3
L4-S3

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12
Q

Define stuporous

A

A state of impaired consciousness, in which the patient can only be aroused by continual stimulation

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13
Q

How does gait come about?

A

Integration of proprioceptive and motor systems

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14
Q

Define paresis. How can it be differentiated?

A

Decreased voluntary movement. Can be classified into upper motor or lower motor

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15
Q

How are UMN and LMN paresis differentiated?

A

Severity
Postural reactions
Spinal reflexes
Muscle tone

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16
Q

How are muscle tone and spinal reflexes affected in UMN paresis?

A

Both are normal to increased in limbs caudal to the lesion

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17
Q

How is stride affected by UMN paresis?

A

Normal to increased in stride, spasticity/increased muscle tone and +/- ataxia

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18
Q

How are muscle tone and spinal reflexes affected in LMN paresis?

A

Muscle tone is decreased in limbs with a reflex arc containing the lesions

Spinal reflexes are decreased to absent in limbs with a reflex arc containing the lesion

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19
Q

How is stride affected in LMN paresis?

A

Normal to decreased length, stiff, bunny hopping +/- collapse =/- ataxia, knuckling.

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20
Q

What are the three types of ataxia?

A

Sensory/proprioceptive
Cerebellar
Vestibular

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of sensory ataxia?

A 
Loss of sense of limb/body position
Wide based stance
Increased stride length
Swaying
Knuckling
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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of cerebellar ataxia?

A

Disordered rate and range of movement
Hypermetria
Intention tremor
Postural tremor

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23
Q

What are the signs of vestibular ataxia?

A 
Uni or bilateral
Falling/leaning/circling to one side 
Head tilt
Wide excursions of the head
Crouched posture
24
Q

If a dog is circling to one side, what side of the brain would the lesion be on?

A

Same side the dog is circling towards

25
Q

Define strabismus and nystagmus

A

Stabismus - abnormal alignment of eyes, eyes looking in different directions

Nystagmus - continous involentary movement of the eye

26
Q

What must you interpret with postural reactions?

A

Gait
Spinal reflexes
Muscle tone

27
Q

What are the methods of testing postural reactions?

A
  1. Paw positioning
  2. Hopping
  3. Wheelbarrowing
  4. Hemiwalking
  5. Placing
  6. Extensor postural thrust
28
Q

Outline the muscle group, associated nerve and vertebrae tested in the tendon reflex test…

A

Biceps - Musculocutaneous n. - C6-C8
Triceps - Radial n. - C7-T2
Patellar - Femoral n. - L4-L6
Gastroc - Sciatic n. - L6 - S2

29
Q

Outline the muscle group, associated nerve and vertebrae tested in the flexor reflex test

A

Thoracic limb - Multiple n. - C6-T2

Pelvic limb - Sciatic n. - (L6 - S2)

30
Q

What nerve and vertebrae are tested with the perianal refelx?

A

Pudendal n. (S1 - S3)

31
Q

Explain the cutaneous trunci reflex..

A

Pinching the skin on either side of the trunk and assessing the contraction of the cutaneous trunci.

32
Q

In general, how do you interpret the results of the spinal reflexes?

A

A decreased or absent reflex may show: a lesion within the reflex arc, physical limitation of movement due to joint fibrosis or muscle contracture, excitement and fear.

An exaggerated reflex may indicate a lesion to UMN pathways cranial to the spinal cord segments tested, or may simply be due to excitement and fear.

33
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear 
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducent
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory 
XII. Hypoglossal
34
Q

Describe the route of nervous transmission during the menace response..

A

CN II - Forebrain - Cerebellum - Brainstem - CN VII

35
Q

What is the afferent route of nervous transmission in vision?

A

CN II - Forebrain

36
Q

Describe the route of nervous transmission in the PLR…

A

CN II - Brainstem - CN III

37
Q

What tests asses the optic nerve (CNII)?

A

Vision
Menace response
PLR
Fundic exam

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Miosis (Constriction of pupil)
Ptosis (Drooping of upper eyelid)
Enophthalmus (Posterior displacement of eyeball into orbit)

39
Q

What cranial nerves control the extra ocular muscles?

A

Oculomotor CNIII
Trochlear CN IV
Abducent CN VI

40
Q

Outline the neural pathway in stabismus

A

CN VIII - Central vestibular/brainstem - CN III, IV and VI

41
Q

What cranial nerve provides sensation to the face?

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

42
Q

Outline the neural pathway in the corneal reflex

A

CN V - Brainstem - CN VI

43
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor neurons to the muscle of mastication?

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of trigeminal nerve dysfunction?

A

Atrophy of the mastication muscle

Inability to close jaw

45
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor neurons to the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial (CN VII)

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of facial nerve dysfunction?

A

Facial paresis/paralysis

Facial asymmetry

47
Q

What autonomic function does the facial nerve provide and how can it be tested?

A

Innveration to the lacrimal glands and therefore can be tested by STT-1

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction?

A 
Ataxia
Head tilt
Stabismus
Nystagmus
Loss of hearing
49
Q

Outline the neural pathway for a physiological nystagmus

A

CN VIII - Brainstem - CN III, IV and VI

50
Q

What cranial nerves provide sensory and motor innervation to the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Vagus (X)

51
Q

Outline the neural pathway in the gag reflex..

A

CN IX and X - Brainstem - CN IX and X

52
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

53
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoglossal nerve dysfunction?

A

Paresis/paralysis of the tongue
Atrophy/asymmetry of the tongue
Deviation of the tongue

54
Q

What can light and deep palpation asses in terms of neurology?

A

Light: swelling or atrophy
Deep: pain

55
Q

In a neurological exam, where should be palpated?

A

Head
Spine
Limb

Neurology (12 decks)

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