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Neurology > Farm Animal Neurological Disease > Flashcards

Farm Animal Neurological Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How would you conduct a neurological exam of a farm animal?

A 
Head: behaviour, mentation, head posture
Cranial nerves
Neck, trunk and limbs: reflexes
Tail, anus, bladder: tone and sensatiion
Gait: paresis, ataxia, lameness, dysmetria
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2
Q

What are the major groups of cortical disease in farm animals?

A 
Cerebrocortical necrosis
Viral
Parastitic
TSE
Trauma/abscesses/meningitis/tumours
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3
Q

What are the main groups of neurological disease in farm animals?

A 
Cortical disease
Brainstem and cranial nerves
Cerebellar disease
Metabolic disease
Spinal cord and peripheral nerve disorders
Neuromuscular diseases
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4
Q

What is cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)?

A

Also known as polioencephalomalacia (PEN), seen in ruminants and pseudoruminants. It has multiple aetiologies all leading to necrosis of the grey matter of the brain:
THIAMINE metabolism
SULPHUR metabolism.

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5
Q

How does altered thiamine metabolism cause CCN?

A

Thiamine is a cofactor for transketolase in pentose phosphate pathway, providing glucose for the brain

Less transketolase

So increased lactate, pyuvate etc

Intraneuronal swelling through decreased ATP/Na/H2o activity

Increased intracranial pressure and necrosis

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6
Q

What causes altered thiamine metabolism and thus CCN in farm animals?

A

Thiamine storage is poor. Excessive grain intake or sudden change in feed promotes thiaminase producing bacteria.
Deficient pastures, unsupplemented
Thiaminase producing plants spp. - Bracken

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7
Q

How does sulphur metabolism cause CCN?

A

Sulphur found in beef cattle feed as sulphur, sulphate and gypsum
Sulphate reduced to sulphide and ultimately incorporated into crude protein and energy released
Sulphides are neurotoxic (inhibit cytochrome C oxidase, preventing ATP production)

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of CCN?

A 
Sudden death or recumbency
Blindness
Stargazing
Miosis
Strabismus
Head tilt
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9
Q

What is the treatment for CCN?

A

Thiamine IM or SQ
Dexamethasone to reduce cerebral oedema
Diazepam to control seizures

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10
Q

What are the main viral diseases causing neurological issues in farm animals?

A

Maedi Visna - Sheep
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus - Goats
Border disease - Sheep
BVD - Cattle

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus?

A 
Ataxia
Paresis
Head tilt
Nystagmus
Decreased PLR
Usually young goats
Enlarged joints, shifting lameness, weight loss, ill thrift
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12
Q

How is caprine arthritis encephalitis virus spread?

A

Aerosol, milk, colostrum, transplacental

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13
Q

How can you test for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus?

A

Ab ELISA

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14
Q

How do you treat caprine arthritis encephalitis virus?

A

Test and cull

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15
Q

Explain Borders Disease pathogenesis…

A

Infects naive ewe in pregnancy
Abortion, infertility or deformities
Lambs infected in first half of gestation become immunotolerent and remain viraemic - PI
Similar to BVDv

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Borders Disease?

A

CNS, skin and skeletal systems
Skin: steel wool coat, hyperpigmentation
Skeletal: short legs, domed forehead, small orbits
CNS: ataxia, tremors, hops on rear legs.

CNS usually disappear after 20 days.

17
Q

How do you test for borders disease?

A

Antibody testing young sheep for flock status

Virus testing to find PIS

18
Q

What are the neurological signs of BVD?

A 
Hydrocephalus
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Head tremors
Weak
Proprioceptive deficits
Ataxia
Blindness
Strabismus
Often die
19
Q

What parasitic disease cause neurological disease in farm animals?

A

Ovine encephelomyelitis (Louping ill)
Coenurosis (Taenia)
Coccidosis (Eimeria)
Sarcocystis

20
Q

What are the clinical signs, epidemiology and treatment of louping ill?

A

CS: Fever, depression, muscle tremors, hypermetria, bunny hopping gait, coma
Epi: Yearling sheep, spring, weeks after place on infected pasture
Tx: Supportive

21
Q

What are the clinical signs, epidemiology and treatment of Coenurosis (sheep gid)?

A

CS: Spaceoccupying lesion, ataxia, unilateral vision loss, head tilti, circling
Epi: Adult worm shed in dog/cat faeces, ingested on pasutres, eggs hatch in SI and migrate to CNS via blood
Tx: Praziquantel

22
Q

What are the clinical signs, epidemiology and treatment of sarcocystis?

A

CS: ataxia, weakness, tremors, hyperexcitable, seizures
Epi: Mostly asymptomatic, large numbers needed
Tx: Diclazuril

23
Q

What are the clinical signs, epidemiology and treatment of nervous coccidiosis?

A

CS: GI signs then depression, ataxia, hyperaesthesia, seizures
Epi: neurotoxin from parasite. High mortality rate
Tx: Diclazuril

24
Q

Describe that pathogenesis of TSE…

A

Slowly progressing fatal infectious notifiable disease. Accumulations of prion proteins in the CNS depost as amyloid plaques within nervous tissue

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of TSE?

A

Behavioural (seperate from the rest of flock, restless)
Weight loss
Pruritus
Ataxia, weak, tremors, seizures, collapes

26
Q

How is Scrape spread and tested for?

A

Spread in colostrum/milk from dam to offspring.
TSE testing programme: all fallen stock >18ms tested
Diagnosis by IHC

27
Q

What are the clinical signs for BSE?

A

4-6 yo
Behaviour changes
Ataxia, tremors, aggresion

28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of BSE?

A

Caused by feeding of meat and bone marrow to cattle. Now banned.

29
Q

Explain the neurological pathogenesis of listeriosis in farm animals..

A

Listeria monocytogenes causing acute meningoencephalitis usually affecting individuals. Spread by spoil silage and forage infects the brain by haematogenous spread or by ascent from CNV.

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of listerosis in farm animals?

A 
Fever
Anorexia
Head pressing
Dropped jaw
Medial stabismus
Ptosis, menace loss
Silage eye
31
Q

How is listeriosis treated in the farm animal?

A

High dose penicillin BID IM

32
Q

How do you diagnose listeriosis in the farm animal?

A

Clinical signs

CSF tap revealing increased protein and WBCs

33
Q

What metabolic diseases cause neurological signs in the farm animal/

A

Nervous ketosis
Hypomagnaesemia (grass staggers)
Hypocalcaemia (milk fever)

34
Q

What neuromuscular disorders exist in the farm animal and their causative agents?

A

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis and clinical signs of swayback?

A

Seen in lambs and kids
Copper deficiency
Progressive incoordination and recumbency, starting in the hindlimbs. Other CS: weight loss, diarrhoea and coat changes

Neurology (12 decks)

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