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Neurology > Principles of Spinal Disease > Flashcards

Principles of Spinal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the grey and white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Grey - nerve cell bodies

White - axons

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2
Q

How are spinal cord disorders typically characterised?

A

A comination of sensory and motor dysfunction - ataxia and paresis.

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3
Q

How do ataxia and paresis differ?

A

Ataxia - Loss of coordination, sensory dysfunction

Paresis - weakness, motor dysfunction

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4
Q

Why are intrinsic spinal cord disorders not painful?

A

The spinal cord has no pain receptors

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5
Q

Where in the spine does the spinal cord end?

A

L6-L7

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6
Q

What are the four functional segments of the spinal cord?

A

C1-C5
C6-T2
T3-L3
L4-S3

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7
Q

What parts of the spinal cord are responsible for innervation to the bladder?

A

L1-4 Dog
L2-5 Cats
S1-S3

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8
Q

Define myelopathy…

A

A disorder of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Define paresis and plegia…

A

Paresis - decreased voluntary movement

Plegia - absence of voluntary movement

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10
Q 
Define:
Mono-
Para- 
Hemi- 
Tetra-
A

Mono - one limb affected
Para - Both pelvic limbs affected
Hemi - Ipsilater thoracic and plevic limb affected
Tetra - all four limbs affected

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11
Q

Define urinary/faecal incontinence.

A

Loss of ability to fill and empty the bladder/intestines voluntarily

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12
Q

What are the signs of urinary incontinence?

A

Dripping of urine constantly

No urine output

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of postures seen in spinal cord disorders…

A

Crouched
Low head carriage
Schiff-Scherrington

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14
Q

What tests can be used to identify the segment of spinal cord affected in disease?

A

Spinal reflexes

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15
Q

What are the spinal reflexes tested?

A

Patella reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Cutaneous trunci

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16
Q

What can cause decreased spinal reflexes? What are the signs seen?

A

Lesions in the reflex arc of C6-T2 or L4-S3

LMN signs

17
Q

What can cause exaggerated spinal reflexes? What signs are seen?

A

Lesion located cranial from the reflex arc - in C1-C5 or T3-L3
UMN signs

18
Q

Why do UMN lesions cause exaggerated spinal reflexes?

A

UMN system normally inhibits/controls muscle tone and reflexes of LMN.

19
Q

When is it appropriate to test nociception in the neurological exam? Why?

A

If an animal is paraplegic only.

Pain sensation is lost only once an animal has become paraplegic, not before.

20
Q

What are the clinical signs of spinal disease?

A 
No gait abnormalities
Spinal hyperaesthesia
Ataxia or paresis
Plegia
Bladder dysfunction
21
Q

What abnormailites are found on neuro exam with spinal disease?

A

Proprioceptive deficits
+/- spinal reflexes
+/- spinal hyperaesthesia
Reduced nociception in plegic animals

22
Q

What are the signs of a lesion located in C1-C5?

A

Tetraparesis, ataxia in all limbs
Proprioceptive deficits in all limbs
Intact/increased spinal reflexes in all limbs
Normal/increased muscle tone in all limbs
+/- Horner’s syndrome

23
Q

What are the signs of a lesion located in C6-T2?

A

Tetraparesis, ataxia in all limbs
Proprioceptive deficits in all limbs
Intact/decreased spinal reflexes and muscle tone in thoracic limgs
Intact/increased spinal reflexes in pelvic limgs
Disconnected gait
+/- Horner’s

24
Q

What are the signs of a lesion located in T3-L3?

A 
Normal thoracic limbs
Paraparesis and ataxia in pelvic limbs
\+/- paraplegia
Intact/increased spinal reflexes and muscle tone in pelvic limbs
Urinary dysfunction
\+/- Schiff-Sherrington posture
25
Q

What are the signs of a lesion located in L4-S3?

A 
Normal thoracic limbs
Paraparesis and ataxia in pelvic limbs
\+/- paraplegia
Intact/decreased spinal reflexes and muscle tone in pelvic limbs
Urinary dysfunction
\+/- flaccid tail
\+/- decreased perianal reflex
26
Q

Name 5 common spinal disease in dogs…

A 
IVDD
Ischaemic myleopathy
Neoplasia
Syringomyelia
Immun-mediated inflammatory
27
Q

Name 3 common spinal diseases in cats…

A

Infectous inflammatory - GIP
Trauma - Fracture, luxation, RTA
Neoplasia - lymphoma

Neurology (12 decks)

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