The Nervous System Part 4: Higher Brain Functions & Emotion Flashcards
Consciousness
State the location of the reticular activating system
• Extends through the ..?.. of the ..?.., ..?.., and the ..?..
• Composed of ..?.. clustered ..?.. in what is otherwise ..?..
• These neurons form ..?.. broad ..?.. along the ..?.. of the ..?..
- The midline ..?.. which are flanked ..?.. by
- ..?.. group of nuclei (..?.. cell) and the
- ..?.. group of nuclei (..?.. cell)
• central core; medulla oblongata; pons; midbrain
• loosely; neurons; white matter
• three; columns; length; brain stem
- raphe nuclei; laterally
- medial; large
- lateral; small
Functions of the RAS
¬ Processes information from ..?.., proprioceptors and ..?.. and ..?.. pathways
¬ Provides instructions to ..?.. and ..?.. centres, resulting in smooth ..?.. muscle movements
¬ Responsible for proper ..?.. and ..?..
- cerebral motor cortex; visual; equilibrium
- cerebral motor cortex; subcortical motor; coordinated; skeletal
- balance; posture
List the major targets of the outputs from the reticular activating system
Connections:
• Ascending tracts to ..?.., ..?.. and ..?..
• Descending tracts to ..?..
Mechanism of action:
• Guides our ..?.. by arousing specific ..?.. by increasing ..?.., allowing us to move from a ..?.. state to ..?..
• Filters ..?.., thus supressing ..?../..?../weak stimuli to prevent sensory ..?..
- cerebral cortex; thalamus; hypothalamus
- cerebellum
- attention; cortical areas; blood flow; relaxed; focused attention
- external stimuli; repeated; familiar; overload
Principal physiological functions of the RAS:
• Both the RAS and ..?.. influence ..?.., attention, ..?.. transition, ..?.. responses, ..?.. functions, eating, ..?.., dreaming
• During sleep, the RAS ..?.. the frequency of ..?.. neuron firing
• During wakefulness, ..?.. neurons fire at much ..?.. frequency
- thalamus; arousal; sleep-wake; motor; autonomic; elimination
- inhibits; frequency; afferent
- afferent; greater
Short term memory (..?.. memory): is the capacity for holding a ..?.. amount of information in mind in an ..?.., readily available state for a ….. period of time. STM is limited to ..?.. chunks of information, such as ..?.. in a ..?.. number, over ..?..
Long-term memory: A system for ..?.. storing, ..?.., and ..?.. information for later use. Items of information stored as long-term memory may be available for a ..?.. and appears ..?.. in capacity.
- working; small; active; short; 7-8; digits; telephone; seconds
- permanently; managing; retrieving; later; lifetime; limitless
- Declarative (..?..) memory: entails learning ..?.. information, such as ..?.., faces and dates. It is related to our ..?.. thoughts and our ability to manipulate ..?.. and ..?… When fact memories are committed to ..?.., they are usually filed with the ..?.. in which they were ..?…
- Non-declarative memory: a less ..?.. or even ..?.. learning. These types of memories are acquired through ..?.. and ..?… They do not preserve ..?.. of learning, but rather best remembered in ..?.. the action. Once learned, non-declarative memories are hard to ..?…
• Procedural (..?..) memory = ..?..
• ..?.. memory = ..?.. shoes
• ..?.. memory = pounding of your heart when saw a rattlesnake
- fact; explicit; names; dates; conscious; symbols; language; LTM; context; learned
- conscious; unconscious; experience; repetition; circumstances; performing; unlearn; skills; piano; motor; tying; emotional
Declarative memory circuits
- ..?.. input
- ..?.. cortex
- Moves b/t the medial ..?.. lobe (..?.. etc), ..?.. cortex, and the ..?..
- ..?.. is released by the ..?..
- Sensory
- Association
- Temporal; hippocampus; prefrontal; thalamus
- ACh; basal forebrain
Procedural memory circuits
1. ..?.. and ..?.. inputs
2. ..?.. cortex
3. ..?.. nuclei- ..?.. released by the ..?..
4. Thalamus
5. ..?.. cortex
- Sensory; motor
- Association
- Basal; dopamine; substantia nigra
- Premotor
What are the 3 main processes involved in human memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Recall
Where are visual memories stored?
Occipital cortex
Where is declarative memory mainly stored?
The hippocampus
Where is non-declarative memory encoded and stored?
Cerebellum
Memory processing in the brain and the neuronal circuits that support it
Non-declarative memory – encoded and stored in the cerebellum
• ..?.. input is processed in the ..?.. cortex (visual cortex for ..?.. stimuli etc.)
• ..?.. neurons send impulses to the ..?.. lobe (including ..?..) and ..?.. cortex
• The ..?.. cortex and ..?.. lobe receive input from ..?.. neurons (..?..) located in the ..?..
• ACh is thought to prime these regions to form ..?..
o Neuronal ..?.. content is ..?.., new ..?.. are delivered to ..?.. and ..?..
o Dendritic ..?.. change ..?..
o Unique extracellular ..?.. are deposited at ..?.. for ..?..
o ..?.. and ..?.. of ..?.. terminals may ..?..
o ..?.. neurons release more ..?..
• Memories are ..?.. when ..?.. set of neurons that were ..?.. involved in forming the …?.. are ..?..
• sensory; association; sight
• cortical; medial temporal; hippocampus; temporal
• prefrontal; medial temporal; cholinergic; ACh; basal forebrain
• memories
o RNA; altered; mRNAs; axons; dendrites
o spines; shape
o proteins; synapses; LTM
o number; size; presynaptic; increase
o presynaptic; neurotransmitter
• retrieved; same; neurons; initially; memories; stimulated
What is memory consolidation?
The process of transferring STM into LTM. It’s a category of processes that stabilise a memory trace after its initial acquisition.
What are the principle functions of the limbic system?
• Mediates emotional response
• Involved in memory processing
• Induces cerebral and diencephalon structures (hypothalamus and thalamic nuclei)
• Arousal (or stimulation)
• Behaviour
• Epinephrine flow
• Motivation
• Long-term memory
• Olfaction (sense of smell)
