Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

WAPT- Physiology > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone: a ..?.. substance that are secreted by ..?.. into the ..?.. fluid and regulate the ..?.. activity of other ..?.. in the body

A

Chemical; cells; extracellular; metabolic; cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine: glands which secrete ..?.. or other ..?.. directly into ..?..

A

Hormones; products; blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Paracrine: ..?.. which has an affect only in the ..?.. of the ..?.. secreting it

A

Hormone; vicinity; gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autocrine: a ..?.. that has an affect on the ..?.. by which it is ..?..

A

Substance; cell; secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 chemical classes of hormones?

A
  1. Peptide hormones (amino acid based)
  2. Steroid hormones (made from cholesterol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peptide hormones (amino acid based)

  • Mechanism of action:
    o Made in ..?.., stored in ..?..
    o Dissolved in ..?..
    o Bind to ..?.. on ..?..
    o Modify ..?.. proteins and induce new ..?..
    o Use ..?.. system§ Series of reactions activates ..?.. (usually ..?..)
    § Enzyme ..?.. production of ..?.., ..?.. proteins or ..?..
    § Triggers further ..?.. changes
  • Example: ..?.., glycogen, other ..?.. amino based ..?..
A

o advance; vesicles
o plasma
o target proteins; plasma membrane
o existing; protein synthesis
o secondary messenger

§ enzyme; adenylate cyclase
§ catalyses; cAMP; G; Ca2+
§ intracellular

  • insulin; non-steroidal; derivatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steroid hormones (made from cholesterol)

  • Mechanism of action:
    o Synthesised on ..?.., not ..?..
    o Transported on ..?..
    o Diffuse through ..?..
    o Binds to ..?.. to form ..?.. complex
    o Binds to ..?..
    o Activates ..?.. of ..?.. to induce new ..?..
  • Example: ..?.., testosterone, ..?..
A
  • demand; stored
  • carrier proteins
  • plasma membrane
  • target protein; hormone-receptor
  • DNA
  • transcription; gene; protein synthesis
  • oestrogen; cortisol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 main stimuli for hormone release?

A
  1. Hormonal
  2. Humoral
  3. Neural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stimuli for hormone release

Hormonal
o ..?.. organs ..?.. by other ..?..
o E.g. ..?.. hormones stimulate ..?.. pituitary gland

A
  • endocrine; stimulated; hormones
  • hypothalamic; anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stimuli for hormone release

Humoral
o Changing ..?.. of certain ..?.. and ..?..
o E.g. ..?.. hormone stimulated by ..?.. levels of ..?.. levels; ..?..; calcitonin

A
  • levels; ions; nutrients
  • parathyroid; decreasing; Ca2+; insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stimuli for hormone release

Neural
o Nerve fibres stimulate ..?..
o E.g. sympathetic stimulated of ..?.. medulla to release ..?..

A
  • target cells
  • adrenal; norepinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the control of pituitary hormone secretion

  • The hypothalamus (brain ..?.. in ..?.. ventricle) sends signals to the ..?.. to ..?.. or inhibit ..?.. hormone production.
  • It synthesizes and secretes certain ..?.. (also called ..?.. hormones or ..?.. hormones), which stimulate or ..?.. the secretion of ..?.. hormones.
  • Hypothalamus also makes ..?.. and ..?..
  • The pituitary gland is connected by a system of ..?.. known as the ..?.. system, to the ..?.., which allows endocrine ..?.. between the ..?.. structures.
A
  • stem; third; pituitary; release; pituitary
  • neurohormones; releasing; hypothalamic; inhibit; pituitary
  • oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone
  • blood vessels; hypophyseal portal; hypothalamus; communication; two
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is oxytocin made?

A

Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What stimulates oxytocin release/

A

Impulses from the hypothalamic neurons in response to cervical/uterine stretching and suckling of an infant at the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is ADH synthesised?

A

Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ADH

  • Stimulated by impulses from hypothalamic neurones in response to ..?.. blood ..?.. concentration or decreased ..?.., low ..?.., ..?..
  • Inhibited by adequate ..?.. of the body, and ..?..
A
  • increased; solute; blood volume; BP; pain
  • hydration; alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the target organs of ADH?

A

The kidneys- Stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticortrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinising hormone (LH)
  • prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

  • synthesised by ..?.. cells
  • Stimulated by ..?.. (GHRH) from ..?..; triggered by low blood levels of ..?.., hypo- ..?.., increases in blood levels of ..?.., low levels of ..?.. and ..?…
  • Inhibited by ..?.. and ..?.. feedback of GH and ..?.. growth factors (IGF)
A
  • somatotropic
  • growth hormone releasing hormone; hypothalamus; GH; glycaemia; amino acids; fatty acids; exercise
  • somatostatin; negative; GH; insulin-like
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the target organs and effects of GH?

A
  • Target organs- liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
  • effects: Stimulates somatic growth of long bones, mobilises fats, spares glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

  • synthesised by ..?.. cells
  • Stimulated by ..?.. (TRH), and in infants indirectly by ..?.. temperatures.
  • Inhibited by ..?.. inhibition exerted by ..?.. (T4) and ..?.. (T3) on ..?.. pituitary and ..?… TSH also inhibited by ..?..(GHIH)
A
  • thyrotropic
  • TSH-releasing hormone; cold
  • feedback; thyroxine; triiodothyronine; anterior; hypothalamus; growth hormone inhibiting hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

  • synthesised by ..?.. cells
  • Stimulated by ..?.. (CRH) released by the ..?…
  • CRH is stimulated by ..?.., ..?..glycaemia and ..?…
  • Inhibited by feedback inhibition by ..?.. (..?..)
A
  • corticotrophic
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone; hypothalamus
  • fever; hypo; stress
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Target organ of ACTH?

A

Adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ACTH promotes the release of ..?.. and ..?..

A

Glucocorticoids; androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

  • secreted by ..?.. cells
  • Stimulated by ..?.. (GnRH)
  • Inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by ..?.., and ..?.. (females) and ..?.. (males)
A
  • gonadotropic
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • inhibin; oestrogen; testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the target organs of FSH?

A

Ovaries and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Effects of FSH

  • in females it stimulates ..?.. and ..?.. production
  • in males it stimulates ..?.. production
A
  • ovarian follicle maturation; oestrogen
  • sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH)
- synthesised by ..?.. cells
- Stimulated by ..?..
- Inhibited by feedback inhibition of ..?.. and ..?.. in females, and ..?.. in males
(In men: LH is called ..?.. hormone)

A
  • gonadotropic
  • GnRH
  • oestrogen; progesterone; testosterone; interstitial cell-stimulating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the target organs of LH?

A

Ovaries and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

LH

  • in females, it triggers ..?.. and stimulates ..?.. production of ..?.. and ..?..
  • in males it promotes ..?.. production
A
  • ovulation; ovarian; oestrogen; progesterone
  • testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Prolactin

  • synthesised by ..?.. cells within the ..?.., ..?.. system and ..?..
  • Stimulated by decreased ..?.. hormone, release enhanced by ..?.., ..?.. pills, ..?.. feeding, ..?..-blocking drugs
  • Inhibited by ..?..
A
  • prolactin; CNS; immune; uterus
  • prolactin-inhibiting; oestrogen; birth control; breast; dopamine
  • dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Target organ of prolactin?

A

Breast secretory tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Prolactin promotes ..?..

A

Lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Thyroid hormone (TH) consists of ..?.. (T..?..) and ..?.. (T..?..)

A

Thyroxine; 4; triiodothyronine; 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Synthesis of TH

  • ..?.. cells produce ..?.. (which provide ..?.. precursors)
  • ..?.. cells trap I- (..?..) from the ..?.. and transported it to the ..?.. by ..?.. diffusion
  • I- is ..?.. to ..?..
  • The centre of the follicle contain ..?.. (composed of ..?.. with attached ..?.. atoms at ..?.. amino acids)
  • T4 is derived from ..?..
A
  • follicular; thyroglobulin; tyrosine
  • follicular; iodine; blood; lumen; facilitated
  • oxidised; I2
  • colloid; thyroglobulin; iodine; tyrosine
  • colloid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Secretion of TH

  • Follicular cells reclaim ..?.. by ..?.. and combine ..?.. with ..?..
  • Enzymes cleave ..?.. from ..?.., and T4 is then diffused from the ..?.. cell into the ..?.. stream
  • T4 binds to ..?.. in the ..?.. for ..?..
  • Most ..?.. is formed at the ..?.. cells by converting ..?.. to ..?..
A
  • iodinated thyroglobulin; endocytosis; vesicles; lysosomes
  • T4; thyroglobulin; follicular; blood
  • thyroxine-binding globulins; plasma; transport
  • T3; target; T4; T3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Functions/ actions of TH

  • Increases ..?.. and ..?.. production by turning on ..?.. of ..?.. oxidation ..?.. (..?.. effect)
  • Regulates ..?.. growth and ..?..; critical for normal ..?.. and ..?.. system development and ..?..; also for ..?.. capabilities
  • Maintaining ..?.. by increasing number of ..?.. receptors in ..?..
A
  • basal metabolic rate; body heat; transcription; glucose; genes; calorigenic
  • tissue; development; skeletal; nervous; maturation; reproductive
  • BP; adrenergic; blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Principle factors regulating TH secretion and their regulatory action

  • Falling ..?.. levels trigger ..?.. at the ..?..
  • Rising TH levels inhibit ..?.., temporarily shutting ..?.. stimulus for ..?.. release
  • In infants, ..?.. stimulates ..?.. to secrete ..?.. which triggers ..?.. release, TH is increased to produce greater ..?.. and ..?..
  • Factors that inhibit TSH release include ..?.., ..?.. and rising levels of ..?..
  • Excessively high blood ..?.. levels ..?.. TH release
A
  • TH; TSH; pituitary
  • hypothalamic-anterior pituitary axis; off; TSH
  • cold; hypothalamus; TRH; TSH; body heat; metabolism
  • GHIH; dopamine; glucocorticoids
  • iodide; inhibit
39
Q

Effects of hyposecretion of TH
- ..?.. will be below normal; decreased body ..?.., ..?.. intolerance; ..?.. appetite; ..?.. gain; reduced sensitivity to ..?..
- decreased ..?.. metabolism; elevated ..?../..?.. levels in the blood; decreased ..?.. synthesis and oedema
- in infants, ..?../ deficient ..?.. developement, ..?..; in adults you can get ..?.. dulling; depression, ..?.. and ..?.. impairment; ..?.. reflexes
- decreased efficiency of the hearts ..?.. action; ..?.. HR and ..?..
- ..?.. muscle action, muscle ..?.. and ..?..
- in children: growth ..?.., ..?.. stunting and retention of child’s body ..?..; in adults: ..?.. pain
- depressed GI ..?.., tone, and ..?.. activity; ..?..
- depressed..?.. function, sterility, and depressed ..?..
- skin that is ..?.., thick adn ..?..; ..?.. oedema; hair that is ..?.. and ..?..

A
  • BMR; temperature; cold; decreased; weight; catecholamines
  • glucose; cholesterol; triglycerides; protein
  • slowed; brain; retardation; mental; paresthesias; memory; hypoactive
  • pumping; low; BP
  • sluggish; cramps; myalgia
  • retardation; skeletal; proportions; joint
  • motility; secretory; constipation
  • ovarian; lactation
  • pale; dry; coarse; thick
40
Q

Hypersecretion of TH

  • ..?.. above normal; increased body ..?.. and ..?.. intolerance; ..?.. appetite and weight ..?.
  • enhanced catabolism of ..?, ..?.. and ..?… Weight ..?.. and loss of ..?.. mass
  • in the NS: irritability, ..?.., insomnia and ..?.. changes. ..?.. in Graves’ disease
  • increased sensitivity to ..?.. leads to ..?.. heart rate and possible ..?.. High ..?.. and if prolonged can lead to ..?..
  • muscle ..?.. and ..?..
  • in child: excessive ..?.. growth initially, following by early ..?.. and ..?.. stature. In adults: ..?.. of the skeleton
  • excessive GI ..?.., ..?.. and loss of ..?..
  • in females there is depressed ..?.. function and in males there is ..?..
  • the skin becomes ..?.., thin and ..?..; the hair become ..?.. and ..?..; the nails becomes ..?.. and ..?..
A
  • BMR; temperature; heat; increased; loss
  • glucose; proteins; fats; loss; muscle
  • restlessness; personality; exophthalmus
  • catecholamines; rapid; palpitations; BP; heart failure
  • atrophy; weaknesss
  • skeletal; epiphyseal; stature; demineralisation
  • motility; diarrhoea; appetite
  • ovarian; impotence
  • flushed; moist; fine; soft; soft; thin
41
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • aldosterone: a mineralocorticoid
  • cortisol: a glucocorticoid
  • androgens: gonadocorticoid, converted to testosterone or oestrogens after release
42
Q

What hormones are released b the adrenal medulla?

A
  • catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
43
Q

What are the substrates for the synthesis of steroid hormones?

A
  • cholesterol
44
Q

What are the substrates for the synthesis of catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine (an amino acid)=> dopamine (a neurotransmitter)=> NE or E

45
Q

Functions/actions of cortisol (glucocorticoid) on carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

Act on target cells by modifying ..?.. activity
o Provokes ..?.. (formation of ..?.. from ..?.. and ..?..) to spare ..?.. for the ..?..
o Stored ..?.. are degraded into ..?.. to be used for ..?.. or make ..?.. for ..?.. processes
o Mobilises ..?.. from ..?.. tissue and promotes use in ..?..

A

Gene
- gluconeogenesis; glucose; fats; proteins; glucose; brain
- proteins; aa; repair; enzymes; metabolic
- fatty acids; adipose; gluconeogenesis

46
Q

Functions/ actions of cortisol on stress and inflammation

On stress
o Stress evokes dramatically ..?.. outputs of cortisol
o Cortisol releases ..?.., ..?.. and ..?.. to help us resist stressors

  • On inflammation: Excess cortisol exerts significant ..?.. and anti-..?.. effects by decreasing release of ..?.. chemicals
A
  • higher
  • glucose; fatty acids; proteins
  • anti-inflammatory; immune; decreasing; inflammatory
47
Q

What are the short term stress effects of catecholamine release on the body?

A
  • increased HR
  • increased BP
  • dilation of bronchioles
  • live converts glycogen to glucose and releases the glucose into the blood
  • blood flow changes thereby reducing digestive system activity and urine output
  • metabolic rate increases
48
Q

What are the prolonged stress effects of mineralocorticoids on the body?

A
  • kidneys retain sodium and water
  • blood volume and BP rises
49
Q

What are the prolonged stress effects of glucocorticoids on the body?

A
  • proteins and fats are converted to glucose or broken down for energy
  • blood glucose increases
  • immune system suppression
50
Q

What are the effects of hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)?

A

Aldosteronism

51
Q

What are the effects of hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)?

A

Addison’s disease

52
Q

What are the effects of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

53
Q

What are the effects of hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)?

A

Addison’s disease

54
Q

What are the effects of hypersecretion of gonadotropins?

A

Masculinisation of females (adrenogenital syndrome)

55
Q

Functions/actions of insulin on carbohydrates, proteins and fat metabolism and growth

  • ..?.. blood ..?.. levels
    o Enhances membrane ..?.. of ..?.. into most body ..?.., especially ..?.. and ..?.. cells
    o Inhibits the breakdown of ..?.. to ..?..
    o Inhibits the conversion of ..?.. and ..?.. to ..?..
  • Participates in ..?.. development, ..?.. behaviour, learning and ..?
  • Stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle tissue, promoting growth
  • Converts excess ..?.. into ..?.. in ..?.. tissue

Insulin is not needed for the transport of ..?.. into ..?.., ..?.. and ..?.. tissue

A
  • decreases; glucose
    o transport; glucose; cells; muscle; fat
    o glycogen; glucose
    o fatty acids; amino acids; glucose
  • neuronal; feeding; memory
  • amino acid; protein; muscle; growth
  • glucose; fat; adipose

Glucose; kidney; liver; brain

56
Q

Functions/actions of glucagon

  • Hyperglycaemic agent that targets the liver
    o Breaks down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)
    o Synthesis of ..?.. from ..?.. and non-..?.. molecules
    (..?..)
    o Release of ..?.. to the blood by ..?.. cells
  • Lower blood levels of ..?.. as the ..?.. cells use these molecules to make ..?..
A
  • hyperglycaemic; liver
    o glycogen; glucose; glycogenolysis
    o glucose; lactic acid; carbohydrate; gluconeogenesis
    o glucose; liver
  • amino acid; liver; glucose
57
Q

Principal factors regulating pancreatic hormone secretion and briefly describe their regulatory action

  • Stimulate ..?.. cells to release insulin
    o Elevated ..?.. levels
    o Rising levels of ..?.. and ..?.. acids
    o Release of ..?.. by ..?.. nerve fibres
    o Release of ..?.. hormones (..?..)
  • Inhibit insulin release
    o ..?..
    o ..?.. nervous system ..?..
A
  • beta

o BG
o amino acids; fatty
o ACh; parasympathetic;
o hyperglcaemic; glucagon

o somatostatin
o sympathetic; activation

58
Q

Metabolism of Ca2+

  • Hypocalcaemia (low blood ..?.. levels) stimulates ..?.. release from ..?.. glands
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) targets the ..?.., ..?.. and ..?..
    o Stimulates ..?.. to digest some of the ..?.. matrix and release ..?.. and ..?.. into the blood
    o Enhances ..?.. of ..?.. and excretion of ..?.. by the ..?..
    o Promotes ..?.. of vitamin ..?.., increasing the absorption of ..?.. by intestinal ..?.. cells
    § Vitamin ..?.. is converted to its ..?.. form (..?..) in the ..?..
    § This reaction is stimulated by ..?..
    § Calcitriol is required for the absorption of ..?.. from ..?..
  • ..?.. is released by ..?.. cells in the ..?..
    o No known ..?.. role, but at pharmaceutical levels has ..?..- sparing effect by targeting the ..?..
    § Inhibits ..?.. activity, inhibiting bone ..?.. and release of ..?.. from the ..?.. matrix
    § Stimulates ..?.. uptake and incorporation into the ..?.. matrix
A
  • Ca2+; PTH; parathyroid
  • skeleton; kidneys; intestine

o osteoclasts; digest; bony; Ca2+; phosphates
o reapsorption; Ca2+; phosphate; kidneys
o activation; D; Ca2+; mucosal

§ D; active; calcitriol; kidneys
§ PTH
§ Ca2+; food

  • calcitonin; parafollicular; thyroid

o physiological; bone; skeleton

§ osteoclast; resorption; Ca2+; bony
§ Ca2+; bony

59
Q

What are the main physiological actions of calcium in the body?

A
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
  • Muscle contraction
  • Blood clotting
60
Q

List the sources of the hormones involved in calcium homeostasis: parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin

A

• Parathyroid hormone: parathyroid cells in parathyroid glands
• Vitamin D: Skin (epidermal cells) activated by the kidneys
• Calcitonin: released by para-follicular (C cells) of the thyroid gland

61
Q

Briefly describe the regulation of the calciotropic hormones with reference to the role of plasma Ca2+

A
  • When the blood plasma Ca2+ level rises, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin
  • When it falls, the parathyroid glands release PTH
  • Maintains plasma Ca2+ levels within a narrow range
62
Q

When there are low blood Ca2+ levels there is:
1. Release of ..?.. from the ..?..

  • this increases ..?.. activity in ..?.. causing ..?.. and PO43- to be released into the blood
  • there will be increased ..?.. reabsorption in the kidney ..?..
  • increased activation of vitamin ..?.. by the ..?.. resulting in increased ..?.. absorption from ..?.. in the ..?.. intestine
A
  1. PTH; PT gland
  • osteoclast; bone; Ca2+
  • Ca2+; tubule
  • D; kidney; Ca2+; food; small
63
Q

What are the male reproductive hormones?

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Inhibit
64
Q

Testosterone

  • produced in ..?.. cells and small amounts are secreted by ..?.. glands
  • Androgenic effects: Stimulates ..?… Development of male ..?.. (..?.. and ..?..). Promoting ..?.. characteristics
  • Anabolic effects: Growth of ..?.. and ..?… Increased bone ..?.. and ..?… Stimulation of ..?.. growth and bone ..?… Prevention of ..?…
A
  • Leydig; adrenal
  • spermatogenesis; reproductive tissues; testis; prostate; secondary; sexual
  • muscle mass; strength; density; strength; linear; maturation; osteoporosis
65
Q

Regulation of testosterone

  • The amount of testosterone synthesized is regulated by the ..?.. axis
  • High levels of testosterone induce ..?.. feedback loop to inhibit ..?.., and therefore inhibit ..?.. and ..?…
  • Low levels of testosterone promote release of ..?.., stimulating ..?.. and ..?.., which stimulate the ..?.. to synthesis ..?..
A
  • hypothalamic- pituitary- testicular
  • negative; GnRH; FSH; LH
  • GnRH; FSH; LH; testis; testosterone
66
Q

Inhibin

  • produced in ..?.. cells (..?..)
  • inhibits ..?..
A
  • serotoli; sustentocytes
  • spermatogenesis
67
Q

Regulation of inhibin

  • Stimulated when ..?.. cell count is ..?.., thereby inhibiting ..?.. and ..?.., causing ..?.. to ..?.. down.
  • Inhibited when ..?.. cell count falls below ..?.., ..?.. cells prevent release of ..?.., thereby allowing ..?.. and ..?.. to increase ..?…
A
  • Sperm; high; FSH; GnRH; spermatogenesis; slow
  • sperm; 20 million/ml; Sertoli; inhibin; FSH; GnRH; spermatogenesis
68
Q

What are the steps in the process of ovulation?

A
  1. Follicular phase- day 1 to 14
  2. Ovulation- day 14
  3. Lute all phase- day 14 to 28
69
Q

Follicular phase of ovulation (day 1 to 14)

o ..?.. cytokines and ..?.. factors control the ..?.. and ..?.. development (this is independent of ..?..)

o A ..?.. follicle becomes a ..?.. follicle
§ Cells surrounding the ..?.. grow (..?.. to ..?..)

o ..?.. follicle becomes ..?.. follicle
§ ..?.. cells ..?.. forming ..?.. layer around the ..?.. = ..?.. cells
§ ..?.. cells gain ..?.. receptors
§ ..?.. grows in ..?..

o Secondary follicle become ..?.. follicle
§ CT and ..?.. cells surround ..?.. cells = ..?..
§ ..?.. folliculi and ..?.. cells produce ..?..
§ ..?.. liquid accumulates between ..?.. cells

o Late secondary follicle becomes vesicular follicle
§ All granulosa cells have FSH receptors
§ Antrum is created by clear liquid between granulosa cells collecting
§ The oocyte completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and polar body

A

o intrafollicular; growth; oocyte; follicle; gonadotropins

o primordial; primary
§ oocyte; squamous; cuboidal;

o primary; secondary
§ follicular; proliferate; stratified; oocyte; granulosa
§ granulosa; FSH
§ oocyte; size

o late secondary
§ epithelial; granulose; theca folliculi
§ theca; granulosa; oestrogen
§ clear; granulosa

o late; vesicular
§ granulosa; FSH
§ antrum; clear; granulosa
§ oocyte; meiosis; secondary; polar

70
Q

Ovulation (day ..?..)

  • ..?.. wall ..?.. and releases ..?.. oocyte
  • occurs due to stimulus by ..?..
A
  • ovary; ruptures; secondary
  • LH
71
Q

Luteal phase (day ..?.. to ..?..) of ovulation

o ..?.. follicle collapses, ..?.. fills with ..?..
o Remaining ..?.. cells ..?.. to form ..?.. that secretes ..?.. and some ..?..
o If ..?.. does not occur, the corpus luteum ..?.. within ..?.. days
o If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum ..?.. until the .?.. takes over ..?.. control

A

14; 28
o ruptured; antrum; clotted blood
o granulosa; enlarge; corpus luteum; progesterone; oestrogen
o pregnancy; degenerates; 10
o persists; placenta; hormonal

72
Q

FSH stimulate ..?.. cells of the late ..?.. and ..?.. follicles causing them to release ..?..

A

Granulosa; secondary; vesicular; oestrogens

73
Q

LH stimulates ..?.. cells to release ..?… This diffuses through the ..?.. membrane where the ..?.. cells convert them to ..?… Surge in LH stimulates ..?.. and formation of ..?…

A

Thecal; androstenedione; basement; granulosa; oestrogens; ovulation; corpus luteum

74
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • day 1-5: menstrual phase
  • day 6-14: proliferative phase
  • day 12-28: secretory phase
75
Q

Changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

Day 1-..?..: phase

o Uterus sheds all but ..?.. part of ..?..
o The thick, ..?..-dependent ..?.. layer ..?.. from the ..?.. wall

A

5; Menstrual
o deepest; endometrium
o hormone; functional; detaches; uterine

76
Q

Changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

Day 6-..?..: Proliferative phase

o Rising ..?.. levels stimulate the ..?.. to ..?..
o The ..?.. layer generates a new ..?.. layer
o The new layer ..?.., glands ..?.. and ..?.. arteries ..?.. in ..?..
o ..?.. stimulates the ..?.. cells to synthesise ..?.. receptors
o ..?.. mucus become ..?.. to facilitate ..?.. passage into the ..?..
o ..?.. occurs at the ..?.. of the ..?.. stage in response to surge in ..?..

A

14
o oestrogen; endometrium; regrow
o basal; functional
o thickens; enlarge; spiral; increase; number
o oestrogen; endometrial; progesterone
o cervical; thin; sperm; uterus
o ovulation; end; proliferative; LH

77
Q

Changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

Day 15-28: Secretory phase

o The ..?.. prepares for an ..?.. to ..?..
o Rising levels of ..?.. from ..?.. cause the ..?.. arteries to elaborate causing the ..?.. layer to convert to a ..?.. mucosa
o ..?.. glands ..?.., coil and begin secreting ..?.. into the ..?.. cavity that will sustain the ..?.. until it has ..?..
o As ..?.. rises, the ..?.. lining becomes ..?.. and forms a ..?.. plug, helping to block ..?.. and ..?..
o ..?.. is inhibited by rising ..?.. levels
o If pregnancy does not occur, ..?.. levels ..?.., depriving ..?.. of ..?.. support
§ The ..?.. arteries kink and go into ..?.., depriving ..?.. layer of ..?.. and ..?..
§ Menstruation begins at day ..?.. – the ..?.. arteries ..?.. flooding the weakened ..?.. beds which ..?.., causing the ..?.. layer to ..?.. off

A

o endometrium; embryo; implant
o progesterone; corpus luteum; spiral; functional; secretory
o endometrial; enlarge; nutrients; uterine; embryo; implanted
o progesterone; mucus; thick; cervical; sperm; pathogens
o LH; progesterone
o progesterone; fall; endometrium; hormonal

§ spiral; spasms; functional; nutrients; oxygen
§ 28; spiral; relax; capillary; fragment; functional; slough

78
Q

What are the steps involved in fertilisation and implantation of a fertilised ovum?

A
  1. Fertilisation occurs when sperm’s chromosomes combine with those of the ovum to form a zygote
  2. Cleavage of the zygote
  3. Day 4-5: floating freely in the uterus
  4. Day 6-7: after ovulation; implantation begins
79
Q

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum

Fertilisation occurs when sperm’s chromosomes combine with those of the ovum to form a zygote

o Sperm must be ..?.. within the ..?.. with ..?.. enhanced and membranes become ..?.. so that ..?.. enzymes of the ..?.. can be ..?..

o ..?.. burry through ..?.. radiate and ..?.. cells around ..?..

o The sperm ..?.. binds to ..?.. on the ..?..
§ Triggers opening of ..?.. channels, leading to Ca2+ levels inside the ..?.., triggering the release of ..?.. enzymes that ..?.. hole through ..?..
§ Hundreds of ..?.. need to contribute to ..?.. the ..?.. membrane

o The ..?.. membrane ..?.. with the ..?.. membrane
§ Oocyte forms ..?.. that surrounds the ..?.. head
§ ..?.. contents of the sperm enter the ..?.., leaving ..?.. membrane behind

o Male ..?.. uses ..?.. to propel the ..?.. to the ..?.. nucleus
§ Nucleus enlarges to ..?..

o ..?.. oocyte is ..?.. to undergo ..?.. II, and forms the ..?..
o ..?.. spindle forms between the two ..?.., nuclear membranes ..?.. and the ..?.. combine

A

o capacitated; vagina; motility; fragile; hydrolytic; acrosome; released
o sperm; corona; granulosa; oocyte
o head; ZP3 glycoprotein; zona pellucida

§ Ca2+; sperm; acrosomal; digest; zona pellucida
§ sperm; expose; oocyte

o acrosomal; fuses; oocyte
§ microvilli; sperm
§ cytoplasmic; oocyte; plasma

o centrosome; microtubules; nucleus; oocyte
§ male pronucleus

o secondary; activated; meiosis; female pronucleus
o mitotic; pronuclei; rupture; chromosomes

80
Q

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum

Cleavage of the ..?..

o ..?.. cells with large ..?.. to cell ..?.. ratio enhances their ..?.. uptake
o ..?.. hours after fertilisation, ..?.. cells = ..?..
o ..?.. hours after fertilisation, ..?.. cells = ..?..

A

Zygote

o small; surface; volume; nutrient
o 36; 2; blastomeres
o 72; 16; morula

81
Q

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum

By day 4-5, floating ..?.. in the ..?..
o ..?.. breaks down to ..?.. the ..?.. (..?.. cells)
o Nourished by ..?..-rich ..?.. secretions

A

Freely; uterus
o zona pellucida; release; blastocyst; 100
o glycoprotein; uterine

82
Q

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum

6-7 days after ovulation, implantation begins

o ..?.. levels peak
o ..?.. from the ..?.. bind to ..?.. matrix and ..?.. uterine wall
o Secrete ..?.. enzymes and ..?.. factors to ..?..
o Endometrium ..?.. at the point of ..?.., uterine blood vessels become ..?..

A

o oestrogen
o proteins; trophoblast; extracellular; inner
o digestive; growth; embed
o thickens; contact; leaky

83
Q

What are the female reproductive organs?

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
84
Q

Oestrogen

  • site of production: ..?.. and ..?..
A

Follicles; corpus luteum

85
Q

Oestrogen- function

  • Stimulate ..?.. and ..?.. of ..?.. organs
  • Promote ..?.. stage of the ..?.. cycle
  • Stimulate production of ..?.. cervical ..?..
  • Promote ..?.. and ..?.. by stimulating the formation of ..?.. and ..?..
  • Stimulate ..?.. of sperm
  • During pregnancy, stimulate growth of ..?.. and enlargement of ..?.. genitalia and ..?.. glands
  • Promote long bone growth
  • Inhibit bone ..?.. and stimulate ..?..
  • Promote fat ..?.. in ..?.. pattern
  • Stimulate ..?.. reabsorption in the ..?.. and inhibit ..?..
  • Enhance ..?.. and reduce ..?.. blood levels
  • Partially responsible for female ..?..
A
  • growth; maturation; reproductive
  • proliferative; menstrual
  • watery; mucus
  • oogenesis; ovulation; FSH; LH
  • capacitation
  • uterus; external; mammary
  • long bone
  • reabsorption; epiphyseal closure
  • deposition; female
  • Na+; kidney; diuresis
  • HDL; LDL
  • libido
86
Q

Regulation of oestrogen

  • stimulated by ..?.., ..?.. and ..?.. feedback
  • inhibited by ..?.. feedback
A
  • FSH; LH; positive
  • negative
87
Q

Progesterone
- site of production: ..?..

A

Corpus luteum

88
Q

Functions of progesterone

  • Stimulates growth of ..?..
  • Promotes ..?.. phase of ..?.. cycle
  • Stimulates production of ..?.. cervical ..?..
  • Promotes ..?.. movement within the ..?.. to assist ..?.. movement
  • During pregnancy, acts with ..?.. to mature ..?.. for ..?..
A
  • breasts
  • secretory; uterine
  • viscous; mucus
  • cilia; fallopian tube; sperm
  • oestrogen; breasts; lactation
89
Q

Regulation of progesterone

  • stimulated by ..?..
  • inhibited by ..?.. feedback on ..?.. release of ..?.. and ..?..
A
  • LH
  • negative; pituitary; FSH; LH
90
Q

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual- functional layer of the endometrium is shed
  2. Proliferative- functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt
  3. Secretory- begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo.
91
Q

Do the menstrual and proliferative phases occur before or after ovulation?

A

Before

92
Q

What phase of the ovarian cycle do the menstrual and proliferative phases correspond to?

A

Follicular phase

93
Q

The secretory phase corresponds in time to the ..?.. phase of the ..?.. cycle

A

Luteal; ovarian

WAPT- Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions