Steroid hormones (made from cholesterol) - Mechanism of action: o Synthesised on ..?.., not ..?.. o Transported on ..?.. o Diffuse through ..?.. o Binds to ..?.. to form ..?.. complex o Binds to ..?.. o Activates ..?.. of ..?.. to induce new ..?.. - Example: ..?.., testosterone, ..?..

- demand; stored - carrier proteins - plasma membrane - target protein; hormone-receptor - DNA - transcription; gene; protein synthesis - oestrogen; cortisol

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the control of pituitary hormone secretion - The hypothalamus (brain ..?.. in ..?.. ventricle) sends signals to the ..?.. to ..?.. or inhibit ..?.. hormone production. - It synthesizes and secretes certain ..?.. (also called ..?.. hormones or ..?.. hormones), which stimulate or ..?.. the secretion of ..?.. hormones. - Hypothalamus also makes ..?.. and ..?.. - The pituitary gland is connected by a system of ..?.. known as the ..?.. system, to the ..?.., which allows endocrine ..?.. between the ..?.. structures.

- stem; third; pituitary; release; pituitary - neurohormones; releasing; hypothalamic; inhibit; pituitary - oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone - blood vessels; hypophyseal portal; hypothalamus; communication; two

ADH - Stimulated by impulses from hypothalamic neurones in response to ..?.. blood ..?.. concentration or decreased ..?.., low ..?.., ..?.. - Inhibited by adequate ..?.. of the body, and ..?..

- increased; solute; blood volume; BP; pain - hydration; alcohol

Growth hormone (GH) - synthesised by ..?.. cells - Stimulated by ..?.. (GHRH) from ..?..; triggered by low blood levels of ..?.., hypo- ..?.., increases in blood levels of ..?.., low levels of ..?.. and ..?... - Inhibited by ..?.. and ..?.. feedback of GH and ..?.. growth factors (IGF)

- somatotropic - growth hormone releasing hormone; hypothalamus; GH; glycaemia; amino acids; fatty acids; exercise - somatostatin; negative; GH; insulin-like

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - synthesised by ..?.. cells - Stimulated by ..?.. (TRH), and in infants indirectly by ..?.. temperatures. - Inhibited by ..?.. inhibition exerted by ..?.. (T4) and ..?.. (T3) on ..?.. pituitary and ..?... TSH also inhibited by ..?..(GHIH)

- thyrotropic - TSH-releasing hormone; cold - feedback; thyroxine; triiodothyronine; anterior; hypothalamus; growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) - synthesised by ..?.. cells - Stimulated by ..?.. (CRH) released by the ..?... - CRH is stimulated by ..?.., ..?..glycaemia and ..?... - Inhibited by feedback inhibition by ..?.. (..?..)

- corticotrophic - corticotropin-releasing hormone; hypothalamus - fever; hypo; stress - glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards by T N

Hormone: a ..?.. substance that are secreted by ..?.. into the ..?.. fluid and regulate the ..?.. activity of other ..?.. in the body

Chemical; cells; extracellular; metabolic; cells

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Endocrine: glands which secrete ..?.. or other ..?.. directly into ..?..

Hormones; products; blood

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Paracrine: ..?.. which has an affect only in the ..?.. of the ..?.. secreting it

Hormone; vicinity; gland

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Autocrine: a ..?.. that has an affect on the ..?.. by which it is ..?..

Substance; cell; secreted

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What are the 2 chemical classes of hormones?

Peptide hormones (amino acid based)
Steroid hormones (made from cholesterol)

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Peptide hormones (amino acid based)

Mechanism of action:
o Made in ..?.., stored in ..?..
o Dissolved in ..?..
o Bind to ..?.. on ..?..
o Modify ..?.. proteins and induce new ..?..
o Use ..?.. system§ Series of reactions activates ..?.. (usually ..?..)
§ Enzyme ..?.. production of ..?.., ..?.. proteins or ..?..
§ Triggers further ..?.. changes
Example: ..?.., glycogen, other ..?.. amino based ..?..

o advance; vesicles
o plasma
o target proteins; plasma membrane
o existing; protein synthesis
o secondary messenger

§ enzyme; adenylate cyclase
§ catalyses; cAMP; G; Ca2+
§ intracellular

insulin; non-steroidal; derivatives

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Steroid hormones (made from cholesterol)

Mechanism of action:
o Synthesised on ..?.., not ..?..
o Transported on ..?..
o Diffuse through ..?..
o Binds to ..?.. to form ..?.. complex
o Binds to ..?..
o Activates ..?.. of ..?.. to induce new ..?..
Example: ..?.., testosterone, ..?..

demand; stored
carrier proteins
plasma membrane
target protein; hormone-receptor
DNA
transcription; gene; protein synthesis
oestrogen; cortisol

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What are the 3 main stimuli for hormone release?

Hormonal
Humoral
Neural

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Stimuli for hormone release

Hormonal
o ..?.. organs ..?.. by other ..?..
o E.g. ..?.. hormones stimulate ..?.. pituitary gland

endocrine; stimulated; hormones
hypothalamic; anterior

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Stimuli for hormone release

Humoral
o Changing ..?.. of certain ..?.. and ..?..
o E.g. ..?.. hormone stimulated by ..?.. levels of ..?.. levels; ..?..; calcitonin

levels; ions; nutrients
parathyroid; decreasing; Ca2+; insulin

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Stimuli for hormone release

Neural
o Nerve fibres stimulate ..?..
o E.g. sympathetic stimulated of ..?.. medulla to release ..?..

target cells
adrenal; norepinephrine

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Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the control of pituitary hormone secretion

The hypothalamus (brain ..?.. in ..?.. ventricle) sends signals to the ..?.. to ..?.. or inhibit ..?.. hormone production.
It synthesizes and secretes certain ..?.. (also called ..?.. hormones or ..?.. hormones), which stimulate or ..?.. the secretion of ..?.. hormones.
Hypothalamus also makes ..?.. and ..?..
The pituitary gland is connected by a system of ..?.. known as the ..?.. system, to the ..?.., which allows endocrine ..?.. between the ..?.. structures.

stem; third; pituitary; release; pituitary
neurohormones; releasing; hypothalamic; inhibit; pituitary
oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone
blood vessels; hypophyseal portal; hypothalamus; communication; two

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Where is oxytocin made?

Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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What stimulates oxytocin release/

Impulses from the hypothalamic neurons in response to cervical/uterine stretching and suckling of an infant at the breast

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Where is ADH synthesised?

Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

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ADH

Stimulated by impulses from hypothalamic neurones in response to ..?.. blood ..?.. concentration or decreased ..?.., low ..?.., ..?..
Inhibited by adequate ..?.. of the body, and ..?..

increased; solute; blood volume; BP; pain
hydration; alcohol

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What are the target organs of ADH?

The kidneys- Stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water

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What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

growth hormone (GH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticortrophic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinising hormone (LH)
prolactin

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Growth hormone (GH)

synthesised by ..?.. cells
Stimulated by ..?.. (GHRH) from ..?..; triggered by low blood levels of ..?.., hypo- ..?.., increases in blood levels of ..?.., low levels of ..?.. and ..?…
Inhibited by ..?.. and ..?.. feedback of GH and ..?.. growth factors (IGF)

somatotropic
growth hormone releasing hormone; hypothalamus; GH; glycaemia; amino acids; fatty acids; exercise
somatostatin; negative; GH; insulin-like

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What are the target organs and effects of GH?

Target organs- liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
effects: Stimulates somatic growth of long bones, mobilises fats, spares glucose

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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

synthesised by ..?.. cells
Stimulated by ..?.. (TRH), and in infants indirectly by ..?.. temperatures.
Inhibited by ..?.. inhibition exerted by ..?.. (T4) and ..?.. (T3) on ..?.. pituitary and ..?… TSH also inhibited by ..?..(GHIH)

thyrotropic
TSH-releasing hormone; cold
feedback; thyroxine; triiodothyronine; anterior; hypothalamus; growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

synthesised by ..?.. cells
Stimulated by ..?.. (CRH) released by the ..?…
CRH is stimulated by ..?.., ..?..glycaemia and ..?…
Inhibited by feedback inhibition by ..?.. (..?..)

corticotrophic
corticotropin-releasing hormone; hypothalamus
fever; hypo; stress
glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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Target organ of ACTH?

Adrenal cortex

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ACTH promotes the release of ..?.. and ..?..

Glucocorticoids; androgens

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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - secreted by ..?.. cells - Stimulated by ..?.. (GnRH) - Inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by ..?.., and ..?.. (females) and ..?.. (males)

- gonadotropic - gonadotropin-releasing hormone - inhibin; oestrogen; testosterone

What are the target organs of FSH?

Ovaries and testes

Effects of FSH - in females it stimulates ..?.. and ..?.. production - in males it stimulates ..?.. production

- ovarian follicle maturation; oestrogen - sperm

Luteinising hormone (LH) - synthesised by ..?.. cells - Stimulated by ..?.. - Inhibited by feedback inhibition of ..?.. and ..?.. in females, and ..?.. in males (In men: LH is called ..?.. hormone)

- gonadotropic - GnRH - oestrogen; progesterone; testosterone; interstitial cell-stimulating

What are the target organs of LH?

Ovaries and testes

LH - in females, it triggers ..?.. and stimulates ..?.. production of ..?.. and ..?.. - in males it promotes ..?.. production

- ovulation; ovarian; oestrogen; progesterone - testosterone

Prolactin - synthesised by ..?.. cells within the ..?.., ..?.. system and ..?.. - Stimulated by decreased ..?.. hormone, release enhanced by ..?.., ..?.. pills, ..?.. feeding, ..?..-blocking drugs - Inhibited by ..?..

- prolactin; CNS; immune; uterus - prolactin-inhibiting; oestrogen; birth control; breast; dopamine - dopamine

Target organ of prolactin?

Breast secretory tissue

Prolactin promotes ..?..

Lactation

Thyroid hormone (TH) consists of ..?.. (T..?..) and ..?.. (T..?..)

Thyroxine; 4; triiodothyronine; 3

Synthesis of TH - ..?.. cells produce ..?.. (which provide ..?.. precursors) - ..?.. cells trap I- (..?..) from the ..?.. and transported it to the ..?.. by ..?.. diffusion - I- is ..?.. to ..?.. - The centre of the follicle contain ..?.. (composed of ..?.. with attached ..?.. atoms at ..?.. amino acids) - T4 is derived from ..?..

- follicular; thyroglobulin; tyrosine - follicular; iodine; blood; lumen; facilitated - oxidised; I2 - colloid; thyroglobulin; iodine; tyrosine - colloid

Secretion of TH - Follicular cells reclaim ..?.. by ..?.. and combine ..?.. with ..?.. - Enzymes cleave ..?.. from ..?.., and T4 is then diffused from the ..?.. cell into the ..?.. stream - T4 binds to ..?.. in the ..?.. for ..?.. - Most ..?.. is formed at the ..?.. cells by converting ..?.. to ..?..

- iodinated thyroglobulin; endocytosis; vesicles; lysosomes - T4; thyroglobulin; follicular; blood - thyroxine-binding globulins; plasma; transport - T3; target; T4; T3

Functions/ actions of TH - Increases ..?.. and ..?.. production by turning on ..?.. of ..?.. oxidation ..?.. (..?.. effect) - Regulates ..?.. growth and ..?..; critical for normal ..?.. and ..?.. system development and ..?..; also for ..?.. capabilities - Maintaining ..?.. by increasing number of ..?.. receptors in ..?..

- basal metabolic rate; body heat; transcription; glucose; genes; calorigenic - tissue; development; skeletal; nervous; maturation; reproductive - BP; adrenergic; blood vessels

Principle factors regulating TH secretion and their regulatory action - Falling ..?.. levels trigger ..?.. at the ..?.. - Rising TH levels inhibit ..?.., temporarily shutting ..?.. stimulus for ..?.. release - In infants, ..?.. stimulates ..?.. to secrete ..?.. which triggers ..?.. release, TH is increased to produce greater ..?.. and ..?.. - Factors that inhibit TSH release include ..?.., ..?.. and rising levels of ..?.. - Excessively high blood ..?.. levels ..?.. TH release

- TH; TSH; pituitary - hypothalamic-anterior pituitary axis; off; TSH - cold; hypothalamus; TRH; TSH; body heat; metabolism - GHIH; dopamine; glucocorticoids - iodide; inhibit

Effects of hyposecretion of TH - ..?.. will be below normal; decreased body ..?.., ..?.. intolerance; ..?.. appetite; ..?.. gain; reduced sensitivity to ..?.. - decreased ..?.. metabolism; elevated ..?../..?.. levels in the blood; decreased ..?.. synthesis and oedema - in infants, ..?../ deficient ..?.. developement, ..?..; in adults you can get ..?.. dulling; depression, ..?.. and ..?.. impairment; ..?.. reflexes - decreased efficiency of the hearts ..?.. action; ..?.. HR and ..?.. - ..?.. muscle action, muscle ..?.. and ..?.. - in children: growth ..?.., ..?.. stunting and retention of child’s body ..?..; in adults: ..?.. pain - depressed GI ..?.., tone, and ..?.. activity; ..?.. - depressed..?.. function, sterility, and depressed ..?.. - skin that is ..?.., thick adn ..?..; ..?.. oedema; hair that is ..?.. and ..?..

- BMR; temperature; cold; decreased; weight; catecholamines - glucose; cholesterol; triglycerides; protein - slowed; brain; retardation; mental; paresthesias; memory; hypoactive - pumping; low; BP - sluggish; cramps; myalgia - retardation; skeletal; proportions; joint - motility; secretory; constipation - ovarian; lactation - pale; dry; coarse; thick

Hypersecretion of TH - ..?.. above normal; increased body ..?.. and ..?.. intolerance; ..?.. appetite and weight ..?. - enhanced catabolism of ..?, ..?.. and ..?… Weight ..?.. and loss of ..?.. mass - in the NS: irritability, ..?.., insomnia and ..?.. changes. ..?.. in Graves’ disease - increased sensitivity to ..?.. leads to ..?.. heart rate and possible ..?.. High ..?.. and if prolonged can lead to ..?.. - muscle ..?.. and ..?.. - in child: excessive ..?.. growth initially, following by early ..?.. and ..?.. stature. In adults: ..?.. of the skeleton - excessive GI ..?.., ..?.. and loss of ..?.. - in females there is depressed ..?.. function and in males there is ..?.. - the skin becomes ..?.., thin and ..?..; the hair become ..?.. and ..?..; the nails becomes ..?.. and ..?..

- BMR; temperature; heat; increased; loss - glucose; proteins; fats; loss; muscle - restlessness; personality; exophthalmus - catecholamines; rapid; palpitations; BP; heart failure - atrophy; weaknesss - skeletal; epiphyseal; stature; demineralisation - motility; diarrhoea; appetite - ovarian; impotence - flushed; moist; fine; soft; soft; thin

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

- aldosterone: a mineralocorticoid - cortisol: a glucocorticoid - androgens: gonadocorticoid, converted to testosterone or oestrogens after release

What hormones are released b the adrenal medulla?

- catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine

What are the substrates for the synthesis of steroid hormones?

- cholesterol

What are the substrates for the synthesis of catecholamines?

Tyrosine (an amino acid)=> dopamine (a neurotransmitter)=> NE or E

Functions/actions of cortisol (glucocorticoid) on carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism Act on target cells by modifying ..?.. activity o Provokes ..?.. (formation of ..?.. from ..?.. and ..?..) to spare ..?.. for the ..?.. o Stored ..?.. are degraded into ..?.. to be used for ..?.. or make ..?.. for ..?.. processes o Mobilises ..?.. from ..?.. tissue and promotes use in ..?..

Gene - gluconeogenesis; glucose; fats; proteins; glucose; brain - proteins; aa; repair; enzymes; metabolic - fatty acids; adipose; gluconeogenesis

Functions/ actions of cortisol on stress and inflammation On stress o Stress evokes dramatically ..?.. outputs of cortisol o Cortisol releases ..?.., ..?.. and ..?.. to help us resist stressors - On inflammation: Excess cortisol exerts significant ..?.. and anti-..?.. effects by decreasing release of ..?.. chemicals

- higher - glucose; fatty acids; proteins - anti-inflammatory; immune; decreasing; inflammatory

What are the short term stress effects of catecholamine release on the body?

- increased HR - increased BP - dilation of bronchioles - live converts glycogen to glucose and releases the glucose into the blood - blood flow changes thereby reducing digestive system activity and urine output - metabolic rate increases

What are the prolonged stress effects of mineralocorticoids on the body?

- kidneys retain sodium and water - blood volume and BP rises

What are the prolonged stress effects of glucocorticoids on the body?

- proteins and fats are converted to glucose or broken down for energy - blood glucose increases - immune system suppression

What are the effects of hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)?

Aldosteronism

What are the effects of hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)?

Addison’s disease

What are the effects of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)?

Cushing’s syndrome

What are the effects of hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)?

Addison’s disease

What are the effects of hypersecretion of gonadotropins?

Masculinisation of females (adrenogenital syndrome)

Functions/actions of insulin on carbohydrates, proteins and fat metabolism and growth - ..?.. blood ..?.. levels o Enhances membrane ..?.. of ..?.. into most body ..?.., especially ..?.. and ..?.. cells o Inhibits the breakdown of ..?.. to ..?.. o Inhibits the conversion of ..?.. and ..?.. to ..?.. - Participates in ..?.. development, ..?.. behaviour, learning and ..? - Stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle tissue, promoting growth - Converts excess ..?.. into ..?.. in ..?.. tissue Insulin is not needed for the transport of ..?.. into ..?.., ..?.. and ..?.. tissue

- decreases; glucose o transport; glucose; cells; muscle; fat o glycogen; glucose o fatty acids; amino acids; glucose - neuronal; feeding; memory - amino acid; protein; muscle; growth - glucose; fat; adipose Glucose; kidney; liver; brain

Functions/actions of glucagon - Hyperglycaemic agent that targets the liver o Breaks down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) o Synthesis of ..?.. from ..?.. and non-..?.. molecules (..?..) o Release of ..?.. to the blood by ..?.. cells - Lower blood levels of ..?.. as the ..?.. cells use these molecules to make ..?..

- hyperglycaemic; liver o glycogen; glucose; glycogenolysis o glucose; lactic acid; carbohydrate; gluconeogenesis o glucose; liver - amino acid; liver; glucose

Principal factors regulating pancreatic hormone secretion and briefly describe their regulatory action - Stimulate ..?.. cells to release insulin o Elevated ..?.. levels o Rising levels of ..?.. and ..?.. acids o Release of ..?.. by ..?.. nerve fibres o Release of ..?.. hormones (..?..) - Inhibit insulin release o ..?.. o ..?.. nervous system ..?..

- beta o BG o amino acids; fatty o ACh; parasympathetic; o hyperglcaemic; glucagon o somatostatin o sympathetic; activation

Metabolism of Ca2+ - Hypocalcaemia (low blood ..?.. levels) stimulates ..?.. release from ..?.. glands - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) targets the ..?.., ..?.. and ..?.. o Stimulates ..?.. to digest some of the ..?.. matrix and release ..?.. and ..?.. into the blood o Enhances ..?.. of ..?.. and excretion of ..?.. by the ..?.. o Promotes ..?.. of vitamin ..?.., increasing the absorption of ..?.. by intestinal ..?.. cells § Vitamin ..?.. is converted to its ..?.. form (..?..) in the ..?.. § This reaction is stimulated by ..?.. § Calcitriol is required for the absorption of ..?.. from ..?.. - ..?.. is released by ..?.. cells in the ..?.. o No known ..?.. role, but at pharmaceutical levels has ..?..- sparing effect by targeting the ..?.. § Inhibits ..?.. activity, inhibiting bone ..?.. and release of ..?.. from the ..?.. matrix § Stimulates ..?.. uptake and incorporation into the ..?.. matrix

- Ca2+; PTH; parathyroid - skeleton; kidneys; intestine o osteoclasts; digest; bony; Ca2+; phosphates o reapsorption; Ca2+; phosphate; kidneys o activation; D; Ca2+; mucosal § D; active; calcitriol; kidneys § PTH § Ca2+; food - calcitonin; parafollicular; thyroid o physiological; bone; skeleton § osteoclast; resorption; Ca2+; bony § Ca2+; bony

What are the main physiological actions of calcium in the body?

- Transmission of nerve impulses - Muscle contraction - Blood clotting

List the sources of the hormones involved in calcium homeostasis: parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin

• Parathyroid hormone: parathyroid cells in parathyroid glands • Vitamin D: Skin (epidermal cells) activated by the kidneys • Calcitonin: released by para-follicular (C cells) of the thyroid gland

Briefly describe the regulation of the calciotropic hormones with reference to the role of plasma Ca2+

- When the blood plasma Ca2+ level rises, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin - When it falls, the parathyroid glands release PTH - Maintains plasma Ca2+ levels within a narrow range

When there are low blood Ca2+ levels there is: 1. Release of ..?.. from the ..?.. - this increases ..?.. activity in ..?.. causing ..?.. and PO43- to be released into the blood - there will be increased ..?.. reabsorption in the kidney ..?.. - increased activation of vitamin ..?.. by the ..?.. resulting in increased ..?.. absorption from ..?.. in the ..?.. intestine

1. PTH; PT gland - osteoclast; bone; Ca2+ - Ca2+; tubule - D; kidney; Ca2+; food; small

What are the male reproductive hormones?

1. Testosterone 2. Inhibit

Testosterone - produced in ..?.. cells and small amounts are secreted by ..?.. glands - Androgenic effects: Stimulates ..?… Development of male ..?.. (..?.. and ..?..). Promoting ..?.. characteristics - Anabolic effects: Growth of ..?.. and ..?... Increased bone ..?.. and ..?… Stimulation of ..?.. growth and bone ..?... Prevention of ..?…

- Leydig; adrenal - spermatogenesis; reproductive tissues; testis; prostate; secondary; sexual - muscle mass; strength; density; strength; linear; maturation; osteoporosis

Regulation of testosterone - The amount of testosterone synthesized is regulated by the ..?.. axis - High levels of testosterone induce ..?.. feedback loop to inhibit ..?.., and therefore inhibit ..?.. and ..?... - Low levels of testosterone promote release of ..?.., stimulating ..?.. and ..?.., which stimulate the ..?.. to synthesis ..?..

- hypothalamic- pituitary- testicular - negative; GnRH; FSH; LH - GnRH; FSH; LH; testis; testosterone

Inhibin - produced in ..?.. cells (..?..) - inhibits ..?..

- serotoli; sustentocytes - spermatogenesis

Regulation of inhibin - Stimulated when ..?.. cell count is ..?.., thereby inhibiting ..?.. and ..?.., causing ..?.. to ..?.. down. - Inhibited when ..?.. cell count falls below ..?.., ..?.. cells prevent release of ..?.., thereby allowing ..?.. and ..?.. to increase ..?...

- Sperm; high; FSH; GnRH; spermatogenesis; slow - sperm; 20 million/ml; Sertoli; inhibin; FSH; GnRH; spermatogenesis

What are the steps in the process of ovulation?

1. Follicular phase- day 1 to 14 2. Ovulation- day 14 3. Lute all phase- day 14 to 28

Follicular phase of ovulation (day 1 to 14) o ..?.. cytokines and ..?.. factors control the ..?.. and ..?.. development (this is independent of ..?..) o A ..?.. follicle becomes a ..?.. follicle § Cells surrounding the ..?.. grow (..?.. to ..?..) o ..?.. follicle becomes ..?.. follicle § ..?.. cells ..?.. forming ..?.. layer around the ..?.. = ..?.. cells § ..?.. cells gain ..?.. receptors § ..?.. grows in ..?.. o Secondary follicle become ..?.. follicle § CT and ..?.. cells surround ..?.. cells = ..?.. § ..?.. folliculi and ..?.. cells produce ..?.. § ..?.. liquid accumulates between ..?.. cells o Late secondary follicle becomes vesicular follicle § All granulosa cells have FSH receptors § Antrum is created by clear liquid between granulosa cells collecting § The oocyte completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and polar body

o intrafollicular; growth; oocyte; follicle; gonadotropins o primordial; primary § oocyte; squamous; cuboidal; o primary; secondary § follicular; proliferate; stratified; oocyte; granulosa § granulosa; FSH § oocyte; size o late secondary § epithelial; granulose; theca folliculi § theca; granulosa; oestrogen § clear; granulosa o late; vesicular § granulosa; FSH § antrum; clear; granulosa § oocyte; meiosis; secondary; polar

Ovulation (day ..?..) - ..?.. wall ..?.. and releases ..?.. oocyte - occurs due to stimulus by ..?..

- ovary; ruptures; secondary - LH

Luteal phase (day ..?.. to ..?..) of ovulation o ..?.. follicle collapses, ..?.. fills with ..?.. o Remaining ..?.. cells ..?.. to form ..?.. that secretes ..?.. and some ..?.. o If ..?.. does not occur, the corpus luteum ..?.. within ..?.. days o If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum ..?.. until the .?.. takes over ..?.. control

14; 28 o ruptured; antrum; clotted blood o granulosa; enlarge; corpus luteum; progesterone; oestrogen o pregnancy; degenerates; 10 o persists; placenta; hormonal

FSH stimulate ..?.. cells of the late ..?.. and ..?.. follicles causing them to release ..?..

Granulosa; secondary; vesicular; oestrogens

LH stimulates ..?.. cells to release ..?... This diffuses through the ..?.. membrane where the ..?.. cells convert them to ..?... Surge in LH stimulates ..?.. and formation of ..?...

Thecal; androstenedione; basement; granulosa; oestrogens; ovulation; corpus luteum

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

- day 1-5: menstrual phase - day 6-14: proliferative phase - day 12-28: secretory phase

Changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle Day 1-..?..: phase o Uterus sheds all but ..?.. part of ..?.. o The thick, ..?..-dependent ..?.. layer ..?.. from the ..?.. wall

5; Menstrual o deepest; endometrium o hormone; functional; detaches; uterine

Changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle Day 6-..?..: Proliferative phase o Rising ..?.. levels stimulate the ..?.. to ..?.. o The ..?.. layer generates a new ..?.. layer o The new layer ..?.., glands ..?.. and ..?.. arteries ..?.. in ..?.. o ..?.. stimulates the ..?.. cells to synthesise ..?.. receptors o ..?.. mucus become ..?.. to facilitate ..?.. passage into the ..?.. o ..?.. occurs at the ..?.. of the ..?.. stage in response to surge in ..?..

14 o oestrogen; endometrium; regrow o basal; functional o thickens; enlarge; spiral; increase; number o oestrogen; endometrial; progesterone o cervical; thin; sperm; uterus o ovulation; end; proliferative; LH

Changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle Day 15-28: Secretory phase o The ..?.. prepares for an ..?.. to ..?.. o Rising levels of ..?.. from ..?.. cause the ..?.. arteries to elaborate causing the ..?.. layer to convert to a ..?.. mucosa o ..?.. glands ..?.., coil and begin secreting ..?.. into the ..?.. cavity that will sustain the ..?.. until it has ..?.. o As ..?.. rises, the ..?.. lining becomes ..?.. and forms a ..?.. plug, helping to block ..?.. and ..?.. o ..?.. is inhibited by rising ..?.. levels o If pregnancy does not occur, ..?.. levels ..?.., depriving ..?.. of ..?.. support § The ..?.. arteries kink and go into ..?.., depriving ..?.. layer of ..?.. and ..?.. § Menstruation begins at day ..?.. – the ..?.. arteries ..?.. flooding the weakened ..?.. beds which ..?.., causing the ..?.. layer to ..?.. off

o endometrium; embryo; implant o progesterone; corpus luteum; spiral; functional; secretory o endometrial; enlarge; nutrients; uterine; embryo; implanted o progesterone; mucus; thick; cervical; sperm; pathogens o LH; progesterone o progesterone; fall; endometrium; hormonal § spiral; spasms; functional; nutrients; oxygen § 28; spiral; relax; capillary; fragment; functional; slough

What are the steps involved in fertilisation and implantation of a fertilised ovum?

1. Fertilisation occurs when sperm’s chromosomes combine with those of the ovum to form a zygote 2. Cleavage of the zygote 3. Day 4-5: floating freely in the uterus 4. Day 6-7: after ovulation; implantation begins

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum Fertilisation occurs when sperm’s chromosomes combine with those of the ovum to form a zygote o Sperm must be ..?.. within the ..?.. with ..?.. enhanced and membranes become ..?.. so that ..?.. enzymes of the ..?.. can be ..?.. o ..?.. burry through ..?.. radiate and ..?.. cells around ..?.. o The sperm ..?.. binds to ..?.. on the ..?.. § Triggers opening of ..?.. channels, leading to Ca2+ levels inside the ..?.., triggering the release of ..?.. enzymes that ..?.. hole through ..?.. § Hundreds of ..?.. need to contribute to ..?.. the ..?.. membrane o The ..?.. membrane ..?.. with the ..?.. membrane § Oocyte forms ..?.. that surrounds the ..?.. head § ..?.. contents of the sperm enter the ..?.., leaving ..?.. membrane behind o Male ..?.. uses ..?.. to propel the ..?.. to the ..?.. nucleus § Nucleus enlarges to ..?.. o ..?.. oocyte is ..?.. to undergo ..?.. II, and forms the ..?.. o ..?.. spindle forms between the two ..?.., nuclear membranes ..?.. and the ..?.. combine

o capacitated; vagina; motility; fragile; hydrolytic; acrosome; released o sperm; corona; granulosa; oocyte o head; ZP3 glycoprotein; zona pellucida § Ca2+; sperm; acrosomal; digest; zona pellucida § sperm; expose; oocyte o acrosomal; fuses; oocyte § microvilli; sperm § cytoplasmic; oocyte; plasma o centrosome; microtubules; nucleus; oocyte § male pronucleus o secondary; activated; meiosis; female pronucleus o mitotic; pronuclei; rupture; chromosomes

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum Cleavage of the ..?.. o ..?.. cells with large ..?.. to cell ..?.. ratio enhances their ..?.. uptake o ..?.. hours after fertilisation, ..?.. cells = ..?.. o ..?.. hours after fertilisation, ..?.. cells = ..?..

Zygote o small; surface; volume; nutrient o 36; 2; blastomeres o 72; 16; morula

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum By day 4-5, floating ..?.. in the ..?.. o ..?.. breaks down to ..?.. the ..?.. (..?.. cells) o Nourished by ..?..-rich ..?.. secretions

Freely; uterus o zona pellucida; release; blastocyst; 100 o glycoprotein; uterine

Steps involved in fertilization and implantation of a fertilized ovum 6-7 days after ovulation, implantation begins o ..?.. levels peak o ..?.. from the ..?.. bind to ..?.. matrix and ..?.. uterine wall o Secrete ..?.. enzymes and ..?.. factors to ..?.. o Endometrium ..?.. at the point of ..?.., uterine blood vessels become ..?..

o oestrogen o proteins; trophoblast; extracellular; inner o digestive; growth; embed o thickens; contact; leaky

What are the female reproductive organs?

- oestrogen - progesterone

Oestrogen - site of production: ..?.. and ..?..

Follicles; corpus luteum

Oestrogen- function - Stimulate ..?.. and ..?.. of ..?.. organs - Promote ..?.. stage of the ..?.. cycle - Stimulate production of ..?.. cervical ..?.. - Promote ..?.. and ..?.. by stimulating the formation of ..?.. and ..?.. - Stimulate ..?.. of sperm - During pregnancy, stimulate growth of ..?.. and enlargement of ..?.. genitalia and ..?.. glands - Promote long bone growth - Inhibit bone ..?.. and stimulate ..?.. - Promote fat ..?.. in ..?.. pattern - Stimulate ..?.. reabsorption in the ..?.. and inhibit ..?.. - Enhance ..?.. and reduce ..?.. blood levels - Partially responsible for female ..?..

- growth; maturation; reproductive - proliferative; menstrual - watery; mucus - oogenesis; ovulation; FSH; LH - capacitation - uterus; external; mammary - long bone - reabsorption; epiphyseal closure - deposition; female - Na+; kidney; diuresis - HDL; LDL - libido

Regulation of oestrogen - stimulated by ..?.., ..?.. and ..?.. feedback - inhibited by ..?.. feedback

- FSH; LH; positive - negative

Progesterone - site of production: ..?..

Corpus luteum

Functions of progesterone - Stimulates growth of ..?.. - Promotes ..?.. phase of ..?.. cycle - Stimulates production of ..?.. cervical ..?.. - Promotes ..?.. movement within the ..?.. to assist ..?.. movement - During pregnancy, acts with ..?.. to mature ..?.. for ..?..

- breasts - secretory; uterine - viscous; mucus - cilia; fallopian tube; sperm - oestrogen; breasts; lactation

Regulation of progesterone - stimulated by ..?.. - inhibited by ..?.. feedback on ..?.. release of ..?.. and ..?..

- LH - negative; pituitary; FSH; LH

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

1. Menstrual- functional layer of the endometrium is shed 2. Proliferative- functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt 3. Secretory- begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo.

Do the menstrual and proliferative phases occur before or after ovulation?

Before

What phase of the ovarian cycle do the menstrual and proliferative phases correspond to?

Follicular phase

The secretory phase corresponds in time to the ..?.. phase of the ..?.. cycle

Luteal; ovarian