Body Fluids Flashcards
Intracellular spaces
- almost ..?.. of volume is in the ..?.. fluid compartment which consists of the ..?..
Extracellular spaces
- includes ..?.. and ..?.. spaces
- the remaining ..?.. of water is ..?.. the cells in the ..?.. fluid compartment
- 2/3; intracellular; cells
- interstitial; intra vascular
*1/3; outside; extra cellular
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells
Percentage body water?
60%
How much of body water is intracellular and extracellular?
- intracellular- 40%
- extracellular- 20% (interstitial: 80%; plasma: 20%)
Main ions in plasma
*fewer chloride ions than IF because non penetrating proteins are morning anion and plasma is electrically neutral
* high protein content
Main ions in ECF
*Cation- sodium
*Anion- chloride
Main ions in INF
*cation- potassium
*anion- HPO4 2-
What does a rise in plasma osmolality trigger? What does this result in?
Thirst and release of ADH- kidneys to conserve water and excrete concentrated urine
Oncotic forces are created due to the ..?.. of certain blood ..?.. (mostly serum ..?..) to pass through the walls of the ..?.., creating about ..?.. pressure within the ..?..
Inability; proteins; albumin; capillary; 25mmHg; capillary
Osmotic pressure is the ..?.. pressure which needs to be applied to a ..?.. to prevent the ..?.. flow of ..?.. across a ..?.. membrane. This membrane doesn’t usually allow ..?.. to pass, thus ..?.. needs to ..?.. from a ..?.. to ..?.. solute concentration
Minimum; solution; inward; water; semipermeable; ions; water; diffuse; low; high
What stimulates water intake?
- osmorecepters
- dry mouth
- decrease in blood volume
Osmolarity is a measure of..?.., defined as the number of ..?.. (Osm) of ..?.. per litre (L) of ..?.. (osmol/L or Osm/L).
solute concentration; osmoles; solute; solution
Osmolality is a measure of ..?.. concentration, defined as the number of the ..?.. (Osm) of ..?.. per ..?.. of ..?.. (osmol/kg or Osm/kg).
solute; osmoles; solute; kilogram;solvent
Tonicity: the ability of a solution to change the ..?.. of cells by altering their ..?.. water ..?… Tonicity is the effective ..?.. and is equal to the ..?.. of the concentrations of the ..?.., which have the capacity to exert an ..?.. force across the ..?… Think of ..?.. pressure. Cells that are ..?.. will ..?.. and burst, cells that are ..?.. will shrivel up and die
Shape; internal; volume; osmolality; sum; solutes; osmotic; membrane; turgor; hypotonic; swell; hypertonic
Hydrostatic pressure is generated by the ..?.. of the heart. It pushes water ..?.. of the capillaries.
Systolic forces; out
What can cause an increase in hydrostatic pressure?
o Incompetent venous valves
o Localized blood vessel blockage
o Congestive heart failure
o High blood volume
Oncotic pressure is a form of ..?.. pressure exerted by proteins, notably ..?.., in a blood vessel’s plasma (force opposing ..?.. pressure). Molecules which draw water towards ..?.. (encourage ..?..). Capillary ..?.. pressure is ..?.. due to the ..?.. in comparison to the low ..?.. pressure found in the ..?.. fluid.
osmotic; albumin; hydrostatic; themselves; osmosis; oncotic; higher; plasma proteins; oncotic; interstitial
What is osmosis?
the tendency of water to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent is higher in concentration.
Simple diffusion means that the molecules can pass ..?.. through the ..?… Diffusion is always ..?.. a ..?.. gradient. This limits the ..?.. possible concentration of the molecule ..?.. the cell. The speed of direct through mem diffusion is dependent only on the ..?.. . The trans-membrane protein = ..?… E.g. ..?.. in alveoli. ..?.. molecules can just ..?.. through the bi-lipid membrane
directly; membrane; down; concentration; maximum; inside; concentration gradient; ion channel; gas exchange; fat soluble; diffuse
Facilitated diffusion is process of spontaneous ..?.. transport of molecules or ions across a ..?.. membrane ..?.. a concentration gradient via specific trans-membrane ..?… Each carrier has its own ..?.. and only allows ..?.. molecule (or one ..?.. of closely related molecules) to pass through. The speed of facilitated transport is limited by the ..?.. of ..?.. channels available. E.g. glucose, amino acids, K+, Na+, and Cl-. The trans-membrane protein = ..?..
passive; biological; down; integral proteins; shape; one; group; number; protein; Protein channel
Carrier-mediated transport: The passage of ..?.., ..?.., and other polar molecules through the cell membrane is mediated by ..?.. of the ..?.. to a ..?.. in the cell membrane. It exhibits the properties of ..?.., ..?.., and ..?… Can be passive or active
glucose; amino acids; binding; substrate; carrier protein; specificity; competition; saturation
What are the factors that influence the movement of water solutes across cell membrane?
- ions channels: leakage channels (always open and simply allow ion or water to move according to concentration gradients.); gated channels (controlled by chemical or electrical signals.)
- active transport systems: The transfer of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient that requires the use of ATP. E.g. Sodium / potassium pump in cell membranes
- osmotic gradients: Water will move down the concentration gradient according to osmosis.
High concentration of solutes/ions creates osmotic gradient, where ions move through ion channel from high to low concentrations.
What happens to cells when placed in an isotonic solution?
Cells remain their normal size and shape (same solute/ water concentration as inside the cells: water moves in and out)
What happens to cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (higher concentration of solutes than are present inside the cells)
What happens to cells when placed in a hypotonic solutions?
Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lower concentration of soothed than are present inside the cells )
At arteriole end of capillary, hydrostatic pressure ..?.. oncotic pressure, so water moves ..?.. of capillary into ..?..
> ; out; interstitial fluid.
At venial end of capillary, hydrostatic pressure ..?.. oncotic pressure, so water moves ..?.. capillary from ..?..
<; into; interstitial fluid.
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure acts on the ..?.. of capillaries and pushes fluid ..?…
outside; in
What are Starling forces?
The balance of hydrostatic and osmotic forces causing movement out and into the capillaries
The following equations can be used to calculate osmolarity:
Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + 2 (K+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L) OR
Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L).
The osmolality of ECF is approximately ..?.. to that of the ..?.., they use plasma ..?.. to extrapolate ..?.. osmolality
equal; ICF; osmolarity; ICF
Normal blood osmolarity:
Normal values range from 275 to 295 mosm/kg
Sweat = consists of primarily of ..?.. and ..?.., also K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, ..?.., urea, and trace amounts of Zn, Cu, Fe. Acts in ..?.. to cool body when water ..?… Salt is ..?.. in the ..?.. ducts to minimise ..?.. loss. Composition of perspiration varies between individuals and also depends on what they have been ..?.. and ..?.., why they are sweating, how ..?.. they have been perspiring and several other factors.
water; NaCl; lactate; thermoregulation; evaporates; reabsorbed; sweat; salt; eating; drinking; long
Gastrointestinal fluids: ..?.., ions (primarily consist of ..?.., K+, Cl−, ..?.. and Na+), digestive enzymes, ..?.., and ..?..
Secreted by ..?.. glands, ..?.., pancreas, ..?.., GI epithelial cells.
Mucus serves to ..?.. and protect the ..?.. mucosa of the tract
Bile consists of ..?.., ..?.. and ..?..
water; H+; HCO3− ; mucus; bile; salivary; stomach; liver; lubricate; inner; bile salts; bilirubin; cholesterol
Cerebrospinal fluid: 99% ..?.., 0.3% ..?.. proteins, ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-), and ..?..
Produced in the ..?.. of the ..?.. of the brain
Provides basic ..?.. and ..?.. protection to the brain
water; plasma; glucose; choroid plexuses; ventricles; mechanical; immunological
Saliva: 99.5% ..?.., 0.5% consists of ..?.. (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+, HCO3-, PO42-, iodine), mucus, ..?.., enzymes, ..?.. and antimicrobial enzymes, ..?.. growth factor, and bacteria cells
Acts as ..?.., protects enamel, lubricant for ..?.., important in the sense of ..?..
water; electrolytes; glycoproteins; antibacterial; Epidermal; pre-digestive; swallowing; taste
What are the hydrostatic forces with regards to Starling forces?
- capillary HP (out of caps)
- tissue HP (into caps)
What are the oncotic forces with regards to Starling forces?
- capillary OP (into caps from tissues)
- tissue OP (into tissues from caps)
Provide the equation for the net filtration of Starling forces
Forces out - forces in= (CHP + TOP) - (THP + COP)
What affect does Na deficiency have on ECF volume?
Decreased ECF volume (decreases solutes therefore decreased osmolaroty)
What affect does Na deficiency have on ICF volume?
Increases ICF volume
Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypotonic over hydration
- increase ECF volume
- decrease ECF osmolarity
- increase ICF volume
- decrease ICF osmolarity
Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in isotonic over hydration
- increase ECF volume
- everything else is normal
Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypertonic over hydration
- ECF volume increases
- ECF osmolarity increase
- ICF volume decreases
- ICF osmolarity increases
In what type of over hydration do the cells shrink and swell?
- shrink: hypertonic
- swell; hypotonic
Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypotonic dehydration
- decrease ECF volume and osmolarity
- increase ICF volume
- decrease ICF osmolarity
Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in isotonic dehydration
- decrease ECF volume
- everything else is normal
Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypertonic dehydration
- decrease ECF volume
- increase ECF osmolarity
- decrease ICF volume
- increase ICF osmolarity
In what type of dehydration do the cells shrink and swell?
- shrink: hypertonic
- swell: hypotonic
Oedema refers to fluid in the ..?.. compartment
Interstitial
What are the 4 main causes of oedema?
- increase capillary HP
- decrease capillary OP
- increase capillary permeability to plasma proteins
- lymph flow obstruction
