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WAPT- Physiology > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular spaces
- almost ..?.. of volume is in the ..?.. fluid compartment which consists of the ..?..

Extracellular spaces
- includes ..?.. and ..?.. spaces
- the remaining ..?.. of water is ..?.. the cells in the ..?.. fluid compartment

A
  • 2/3; intracellular; cells
  • interstitial; intra vascular
    *1/3; outside; extra cellular
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2
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells

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3
Q

Percentage body water?

A

60%

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4
Q

How much of body water is intracellular and extracellular?

A
  • intracellular- 40%
  • extracellular- 20% (interstitial: 80%; plasma: 20%)
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5
Q

Main ions in plasma

A

*fewer chloride ions than IF because non penetrating proteins are morning anion and plasma is electrically neutral
* high protein content

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6
Q

Main ions in ECF

A

*Cation- sodium
*Anion- chloride

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7
Q

Main ions in INF

A

*cation- potassium
*anion- HPO4 2-

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8
Q

What does a rise in plasma osmolality trigger? What does this result in?

A

Thirst and release of ADH- kidneys to conserve water and excrete concentrated urine

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9
Q

Oncotic forces are created due to the ..?.. of certain blood ..?.. (mostly serum ..?..) to pass through the walls of the ..?.., creating about ..?.. pressure within the ..?..

A

Inability; proteins; albumin; capillary; 25mmHg; capillary

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10
Q

Osmotic pressure is the ..?.. pressure which needs to be applied to a ..?.. to prevent the ..?.. flow of ..?.. across a ..?.. membrane. This membrane doesn’t usually allow ..?.. to pass, thus ..?.. needs to ..?.. from a ..?.. to ..?.. solute concentration

A

Minimum; solution; inward; water; semipermeable; ions; water; diffuse; low; high

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11
Q

What stimulates water intake?

A
  • osmorecepters
  • dry mouth
  • decrease in blood volume
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12
Q

Osmolarity is a measure of..?.., defined as the number of ..?.. (Osm) of ..?.. per litre (L) of ..?.. (osmol/L or Osm/L).

A

solute concentration; osmoles; solute; solution

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13
Q

Osmolality is a measure of ..?.. concentration, defined as the number of the ..?.. (Osm) of ..?.. per ..?.. of ..?.. (osmol/kg or Osm/kg).

A

solute; osmoles; solute; kilogram;solvent

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14
Q

Tonicity: the ability of a solution to change the ..?.. of cells by altering their ..?.. water ..?… Tonicity is the effective ..?.. and is equal to the ..?.. of the concentrations of the ..?.., which have the capacity to exert an ..?.. force across the ..?… Think of ..?.. pressure. Cells that are ..?.. will ..?.. and burst, cells that are ..?.. will shrivel up and die

A

Shape; internal; volume; osmolality; sum; solutes; osmotic; membrane; turgor; hypotonic; swell; hypertonic

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15
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is generated by the ..?.. of the heart. It pushes water ..?.. of the capillaries.

A

Systolic forces; out

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16
Q

What can cause an increase in hydrostatic pressure?

A

o Incompetent venous valves
o Localized blood vessel blockage
o Congestive heart failure
o High blood volume

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17
Q

Oncotic pressure is a form of ..?.. pressure exerted by proteins, notably ..?.., in a blood vessel’s plasma (force opposing ..?.. pressure). Molecules which draw water towards ..?.. (encourage ..?..). Capillary ..?.. pressure is ..?.. due to the ..?.. in comparison to the low ..?.. pressure found in the ..?.. fluid.

A

osmotic; albumin; hydrostatic; themselves; osmosis; oncotic; higher; plasma proteins; oncotic; interstitial

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18
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the tendency of water to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent is higher in concentration.

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19
Q

Simple diffusion means that the molecules can pass ..?.. through the ..?… Diffusion is always ..?.. a ..?.. gradient. This limits the ..?.. possible concentration of the molecule ..?.. the cell. The speed of direct through mem diffusion is dependent only on the ..?.. . The trans-membrane protein = ..?… E.g. ..?.. in alveoli. ..?.. molecules can just ..?.. through the bi-lipid membrane

A

directly; membrane; down; concentration; maximum; inside; concentration gradient; ion channel; gas exchange; fat soluble; diffuse

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion is process of spontaneous ..?.. transport of molecules or ions across a ..?.. membrane ..?.. a concentration gradient via specific trans-membrane ..?… Each carrier has its own ..?.. and only allows ..?.. molecule (or one ..?.. of closely related molecules) to pass through. The speed of facilitated transport is limited by the ..?.. of ..?.. channels available. E.g. glucose, amino acids, K+, Na+, and Cl-. The trans-membrane protein = ..?..

A

passive; biological; down; integral proteins; shape; one; group; number; protein; Protein channel

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21
Q

Carrier-mediated transport: The passage of ..?.., ..?.., and other polar molecules through the cell membrane is mediated by ..?.. of the ..?.. to a ..?.. in the cell membrane. It exhibits the properties of ..?.., ..?.., and ..?… Can be passive or active

A

glucose; amino acids; binding; substrate; carrier protein; specificity; competition; saturation

22
Q

What are the factors that influence the movement of water solutes across cell membrane?

A
  • ions channels: leakage channels (always open and simply allow ion or water to move according to concentration gradients.); gated channels (controlled by chemical or electrical signals.)
  • active transport systems: The transfer of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient that requires the use of ATP. E.g. Sodium / potassium pump in cell membranes
  • osmotic gradients: Water will move down the concentration gradient according to osmosis.
    High concentration of solutes/ions creates osmotic gradient, where ions move through ion channel from high to low concentrations.
23
Q

What happens to cells when placed in an isotonic solution?

A

Cells remain their normal size and shape (same solute/ water concentration as inside the cells: water moves in and out)

24
Q

What happens to cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (higher concentration of solutes than are present inside the cells)

25
Q

What happens to cells when placed in a hypotonic solutions?

A

Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lower concentration of soothed than are present inside the cells )

26
Q

At arteriole end of capillary, hydrostatic pressure ..?.. oncotic pressure, so water moves ..?.. of capillary into ..?..

A

> ; out; interstitial fluid.

27
Q

At venial end of capillary, hydrostatic pressure ..?.. oncotic pressure, so water moves ..?.. capillary from ..?..

A

<; into; interstitial fluid.

28
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure acts on the ..?.. of capillaries and pushes fluid ..?…

A

outside; in

29
Q

What are Starling forces?

A

The balance of hydrostatic and osmotic forces causing movement out and into the capillaries

30
Q

The following equations can be used to calculate osmolarity:

A

Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + 2 (K+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L) OR

Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L).

31
Q

The osmolality of ECF is approximately ..?.. to that of the ..?.., they use plasma ..?.. to extrapolate ..?.. osmolality

A

equal; ICF; osmolarity; ICF

32
Q

Normal blood osmolarity:

A

Normal values range from 275 to 295 mosm/kg

33
Q

Sweat = consists of primarily of ..?.. and ..?.., also K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, ..?.., urea, and trace amounts of Zn, Cu, Fe. Acts in ..?.. to cool body when water ..?… Salt is ..?.. in the ..?.. ducts to minimise ..?.. loss. Composition of perspiration varies between individuals and also depends on what they have been ..?.. and ..?.., why they are sweating, how ..?.. they have been perspiring and several other factors.

A

water; NaCl; lactate; thermoregulation; evaporates; reabsorbed; sweat; salt; eating; drinking; long

34
Q

Gastrointestinal fluids: ..?.., ions (primarily consist of ..?.., K+, Cl−, ..?.. and Na+), digestive enzymes, ..?.., and ..?..
Secreted by ..?.. glands, ..?.., pancreas, ..?.., GI epithelial cells.
Mucus serves to ..?.. and protect the ..?.. mucosa of the tract
Bile consists of ..?.., ..?.. and ..?..

A

water; H+; HCO3− ; mucus; bile; salivary; stomach; liver; lubricate; inner; bile salts; bilirubin; cholesterol

35
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid: 99% ..?.., 0.3% ..?.. proteins, ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-), and ..?..
Produced in the ..?.. of the ..?.. of the brain
Provides basic ..?.. and ..?.. protection to the brain

A

water; plasma; glucose; choroid plexuses; ventricles; mechanical; immunological

36
Q

Saliva: 99.5% ..?.., 0.5% consists of ..?.. (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+, HCO3-, PO42-, iodine), mucus, ..?.., enzymes, ..?.. and antimicrobial enzymes, ..?.. growth factor, and bacteria cells
Acts as ..?.., protects enamel, lubricant for ..?.., important in the sense of ..?..

A

water; electrolytes; glycoproteins; antibacterial; Epidermal; pre-digestive; swallowing; taste

37
Q

What are the hydrostatic forces with regards to Starling forces?

A
  • capillary HP (out of caps)
  • tissue HP (into caps)
38
Q

What are the oncotic forces with regards to Starling forces?

A
  • capillary OP (into caps from tissues)
  • tissue OP (into tissues from caps)
39
Q

Provide the equation for the net filtration of Starling forces

A

Forces out - forces in= (CHP + TOP) - (THP + COP)

40
Q

What affect does Na deficiency have on ECF volume?

A

Decreased ECF volume (decreases solutes therefore decreased osmolaroty)

41
Q

What affect does Na deficiency have on ICF volume?

A

Increases ICF volume

42
Q

Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypotonic over hydration

A
  • increase ECF volume
  • decrease ECF osmolarity
  • increase ICF volume
  • decrease ICF osmolarity
43
Q

Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in isotonic over hydration

A
  • increase ECF volume
  • everything else is normal
44
Q

Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypertonic over hydration

A
  • ECF volume increases
  • ECF osmolarity increase
  • ICF volume decreases
  • ICF osmolarity increases
45
Q

In what type of over hydration do the cells shrink and swell?

A
  • shrink: hypertonic
  • swell; hypotonic
46
Q

Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypotonic dehydration

A
  • decrease ECF volume and osmolarity
  • increase ICF volume
  • decrease ICF osmolarity
47
Q

Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in isotonic dehydration

A
  • decrease ECF volume
  • everything else is normal
48
Q

Describe the effects of ECF and ICF volume osmolarity in hypertonic dehydration

A
  • decrease ECF volume
  • increase ECF osmolarity
  • decrease ICF volume
  • increase ICF osmolarity
49
Q

In what type of dehydration do the cells shrink and swell?

A
  • shrink: hypertonic
  • swell: hypotonic
50
Q

Oedema refers to fluid in the ..?.. compartment

A

Interstitial

51
Q

What are the 4 main causes of oedema?

A
  • increase capillary HP
  • decrease capillary OP
  • increase capillary permeability to plasma proteins
  • lymph flow obstruction

WAPT- Physiology (9 decks)

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